1、SummaryPart 1 Defining language1 The properties of languageDisplacement; Arbitrariness; Productivity; Cultural transmission; Discreteness; Duality2 The origins of languagea. The divine sourceb. The natural-sound sourcec. The oral-gesture source3 The level of languagePhone; Phoneme; Morpheme; Words;
2、Sentence; Discourse; Phonetics; Phonology; Morphology; Syntax; Semantics; Pragmatics; Discourse analysisPart 2 Characteristics and functions of language1. Characteristics of languageSymbolic; Rule-governed; Subjective; Dynamic2. Functions of languagea. Communicative functions(macro) To preserve cult
3、ure and transmit it to new generations To establish and preserve community with shared identity To create or reinforce boundaries of society, social stratification, and differential power relationships between groups.b. Other functions(micro) Conversation Expression of affect Thinking Control of rea
4、lity Keeping of history Socialization and enculturation Expression of identityPart 3 Semantics(semantics: the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences)1. Semantic features2. Semantic roles; Agent; Theme; Instrument; Experiencer; Location ;Source; Goal3. Lexical relations; Synonymy; Anton
5、ymy; Hyponymy; Prototypes; Homophony; Homonymy; Polysemy; Metonymy; CollocationPart 4 Pragmatics(pragmatics:the study of intended speaker meaning)1. ContextLinguistics context; Physical context; Cultural context2. DeixisPerson deixis; Place deixis; Time deixis3. ReferenceAuaphora; Presupposition4. S
6、peech acts(acts performed by a speaker in uttering a sentence,e.g.)5. Politeness(showing awareness of another persons face)Face: public self-imageFace-threatening actFace-saving actNegative facePositive facePart 5 Variations of human language1. Speech communities Communities of language usersWhat is speech communityConsists of speech communitySpeech Communities are characterized by：2. Pragmatic Coherence Semantic Cohesion Pragmatic Coherence Same Contextualization CuesPeople from different cultural group Tone of voice participants roles
