1、1四六级作文写作：段落的扩展一、 段落的组成和特征1 段落的组成段落大多由三部分组成： 主题句； 扩展句；结尾句。段落的构成如下：主题句 一句话来表明作者的观点和态度，或囊括段落内容，突出中心词或一个句子段落 扩展句 用三五句话对段落主题进行发挥（内容清晰详实，条理清楚连贯，紧扣段落主题结尾句 对段落进行归纳总结,与主题句相辅相成For example:Reading provides much pleasure in our life and make our life more colorful. From books, we “see” the beauties of nature, e
2、njoy the treasures of art and “converse” with characters in them. Reading serves to mold the readers temperament and make them have ease of mind. When we feel tired, reading a humorous book or a novel always makes us feel refreshed and relaxed.扩展段落常用的方法四六级统考中，作文的题材大多为论说文，适合于这中题材的段落发展方法主要有：列举或举例法；比较对
3、比法；因果法等。1列举或举例法列举或举例法是段落发展的基本方法，用这种方法发展段落， 首先要摆出论点（the topic sentence）, 然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述和解释，或用具体事例对其进行说明。如：People may have different attitudes towards criticism. Some people will become annoyed if they are criticized, and they will try to defend themselves by all means. Some people tend to be indiff
4、erent to criticism. They just regard criticism as nonsense. But still some people think that criticism will help them realize their shortcomings.常用于列举或举例法的过渡连接语有：for one thing, for another, for example, for another example; to begin with, first, second, besides, in addition, also, still, moreover, s
5、till another, finally, at last, lastly;按上述方法发展成一段约见 5080 词的段落。1)Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.2)Good dictionary can in some sense serve us as a teacher.2. 比较对比法 Comparison and contrast在有的作文测试中，要求考生对两者或三者同类的东西的优缺点进行阐述，并发2表个人看法，这种作文要求考生在写作时用比较对比法。比较对比法一般有两种模式：（1）先叙述甲，再叙述乙
6、，即：A1, A2 , A3; B1, B2, B3;如：Both the city and the country have their disadvantages. Air pollution is very serious in the city. Moreover, it is so crowded that many people dont want to go out. In the country, it is inconvenient to buy things. Besides, people can find no way to kill the long and tedi
7、ous nights.(2) 双方同时描述，逐点对比，即： A1, B1; A2 , B2; A3, B3; 如：Ways of expressing good manners are different between America and Japan. For example, Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. For another example, Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Besides, many Americ
8、ans open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface(superficially), it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, in fact thats just the different ways of expressing good manners.注： 常用于比较对比法的过渡连接词语有：like, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the one hand, on the
9、other hand, compared with/to, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, although, whereas, however, while;Exercise Two( Using comparison and contrast method) 1. Men and women are equal at home now;(3) Cause and Effect 因果的方法扩展段落主题句写所产生的影响或结果，然后提供产生的原因。There are three reasons why solar energy has not been
10、 made use of very widely. First, the cost for building a solar power plant is very high. As a result, the production of one watt of solar energy is more expensive than that of steam power or nuclear power. Second, nature plays a large part in the generation of solar energy. When it is cloudy or rain
11、y, solar power plant can not work. Also, no solar energy is generated at night. Finally, there are not enough qualified technical personnel to run solar power plants. For all these reasons, solar energy has not developed on a large scale in our country。Exercise: Several factors have contributed to t
12、he difficulty in traveling in China小结： 段落写作的步骤可以概括如下：分析主题句找出支配思想列出能直接说明支配思想的要点将要点扩展成句选用合适的过渡连接词成段。Exercises with suggested words and phrases:1. Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie.提示词: comfortable, convenient, save money, choice of programs, enjoy;Exercise One: 列举、举例法练习答案：1. Incr
13、easing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways. Knowing synonyms(同义词 ), for example, will enable you to avoid unnecessary repetitions in your compositions and thus make them interesting to read. Also, an increased vocabulary will make your own reading more enjoyable. You will find it much e
14、asier to follow the ideas in your story textbook or the newspaper. Furthermore, with a large vocabulary, 3you can talk more freely. Whatever company you are in, you will find that you are able to hold the interest of your listeners. Therefore, you must enlarge your vocabulary if you want to communic
15、ate with others more effectively.2. Travelling is a kind of education. For example, visiting places of historic interest can enrich your knowledge of history. In addition, while traveling, you can learn about many forms and architectures different from your own. In this way, you can broaden your hor
16、izon . Finally, traveling may offer you an opportunity to get to know people of different cultures_ their lives, customs, beliefs, etc. so that we may understand them better. No wonder, traveling has become more and more popular all over the world.3. A good dictionary can in some sense serves us as
17、a teacher. It can tell you the way a word is pronounced. It can also tell you the meaning or meanings of the word. A good dictionary often provides the context in which the word is tested. In addition, there is reference or cross-reference by which one word is referred to another. And there phrases
18、of which the word forms a part.Exercise Two: Comparison and Contrast(比较、对比法练习)Men and women are equal at home now. For example, housework such as washing and cooking, formerly done only by the wife, is shared by the couple. For another example, both husband and wife shoulder the responsibility of ta
19、king care of the children. Besides, whenever an important matter emerges in the family, the husband will consult with the wife. Gone are the days when the husband was the master and the wife was the servant.2) Men and women are equal at home now. First, women and men have equal rights in finance. Th
20、ey both can buy what they want. Next, they help each other at(with) housework, usually women cook the meal while men cleaning(clean) the house or yards. Besides, women and men have equal right to look after kids. They may pick up the child in turn. So. Nowadays, men and women have equal rights at ho
21、me.Exercises Three: Cause and effect (因果法)1. Do you know why winter is colder than summer? One reason is that there are fewer hours of sunlight in winter. But there is another reason. Winter sunlight is cooler. It is the same sun, and it shines just as bright as in the summer time, and yet the earth
22、 gets less heat for it. The reason why winter sunlight is cooler is that the suns rays come to us at much more of a slant（倾斜）than they do in summer.2. There are three reasons why solar energy has not been made use of very widely. First, the cost for building a solar power plant is very high. As a re
23、sult, the production of one watt of solar energy is more expensive than that of steam power or nuclear power. Second, nature plays a large part in the generation of solar energy. When it is cloudy or rainy, solar power plant can not work. Also, no solar energy is generated at night. Finally, there a
24、re not enough qualified technical personnel to run solar power plants. For all these reasons, solar energy has not developed on a large scale in our country.2. Several factors have contributed to the difficulty in traveling in China. But in general, there are three major causes. The poor road condit
25、ion is one of them. Many 4roads were built a long time ago and lack maintenance. So drivers have to go very slow when driving on such roads. Secondly, there are too many vehicles on the road as a result of the modernization plan of the country,which results in frequent traffic jams. However, the mos
26、t important cause is the ever-increasing population. The streets seem to be always crowded with people, and many of them pay no attention to traffic regulations. Consequently, accidents often occur. The traffic situation in China will go worse unless effective measures are taken immediately.表示结论的短语
27、To conclude To sum up，. To summarize 总之In conclusion In summary In brief. In short 总之It can be concluded that A conclusion can be reached that可以得出结论All in all 总之 In a word 总之 To make (cut) a long story short，. 简而言之 Everything considered，. 总而言之 I will conclude by saying / citing 最后我要 Therefore，we hav
28、e every reason to believe that 所以我们有理由相信 过度性句型（承上起下，使文章更连贯，使新观点不致显得过于突兀，武断） It is true that most job are a series of more or less unpleasant chores, but it doesnt follow that thats all they are. This is true , no doubt, but it is not the whole story by any means. It is fairly well known that Vitamin
29、 C is indispensable to health. But it is probably less well known that taking it excessively may do harm to the human body. This story also illustrates the importance of seizing an opportunity when it presents itself. It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and u
30、se it well.写作过程实例演练：Get to Know the World Outside the Campusoutline: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性2. 可通过哪些途径了解社会3. 我的打算审题与落笔第一步：审题 1. 判断题型: 提纲作文2. 文体: 议论文53. 确定写作方法 : 分析法、举例法第二步: 提纲分析: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性2. 可通过哪些途径了解社会3. 我的打算第三步: 快速列纲, 记下要点(中文或英文) 首先要弄清主题句的支配思想；然后列出能直接说明主题思想的 34 个提纲点；Example: Outline:1. no longer an “I
31、vory Tower”, acquire knowledge not only from books but also from the society, adapt to society more quickly2. by watching TV, listening to the radio, reading newspapers and using computers, take a part-time job.3. be a volunteer to help others, care not about pay, learn a lot about society第四步: 最后将提纲
32、点扩展成句；然后依照一定的段落发展方法，采用恰当的关联词组成段落。落笔成文(写作方法: 分析法、举例法 )范文 Getting to Know the World Outside the CampusWith the development of our society, the campus should no longer be an “Ivory Tower”. It is necessary for college students to go outside to get to know the world. They should acquire knowledge not onl
33、y from books but also from the society. Thus they can adapt to society more quickly after they graduate from school.Science and technology are developing rapidly with each passing day. Most students can keep themselves informed by watching TV, listening to the radio, reading newspapers and using com
34、puters. It is also good to take a part-time job, such as tutoring, or working in a restaurant. Any of these methods will enable students to get in touch with society.Summer vacation will soon be here. Ive already enrolled to be a volunteer to help others. I think I can do well. Although I wont be pa
35、id, the most important thing is that I can learn a lot about society.看图作文看图作文又可分为图画作文和图表作文图画作文一 什么是图画作文图画作文一般地指图片描写。所给的图片可以是图画、照片、漫画和地图，它可以是单幅的，也可以是情节相连的系列图片。 图作文实际上是一个从图象到文字的转换过程，它要求从图片提供的图象信息中分辨或综合出作文的主题及意义层次。要写好这种题型的作文，单有一定的写作能力是不够的，还需要有较强的6观察力、概括分析力和丰富的想象力。图画作文作为一种作文形式有时给题目，有时也可能要自己命题。无论何种形式，都必须
36、注意保持文章结构的完整性，一般应有开头 发展 结尾这样三个部分组成。二 图画作文的写作技巧1考试形式的图画作文，因必须用同一标准衡量作文水平，所以多是有标题的。作文的标题点出了图画的用意，又起到了限制人们思路的作用。图片的画面则是为主题服务的，是衬托主题的。提供的细节则可使主题具体化。因此写作时要把作文的标题同图画统一起来，仔细观察和分析，切实把握每一个细节，确切理解图片所表达的意思。2在理解图意的基础上，理清图画提供的视觉信息的类别和层次，并列出发展提纲。3有些图画作文除给图片外，同时也给出一定的情景或一些关键词，要充分利用所给的信息资料，表达图中的情景和思想。4看图作文是用文字描绘图画，解
37、释图画，写作的重点是在形象描写上下功夫。就作文的文题而论应是描写为主，叙述为辅。但还应十分注意有时图画中暗含着一定的哲理，要通过联想写出其内涵。图表作文一 什么叫图表作文图表作文要求用恰当，准确的文字，解释说明图表。图表的种类很多：有统计表，曲线坐标，条形图，圆形图。图表作文的目的是通过对所给数据进行比较分析，从中找出某种规律或得出一个结论。二 图表作文的写作技巧a) 图表简洁明快，易懂易辩。但同一张图表可以从不同角度命题，要求不同，写出的文章也不同。因此要看清图表所说明的问题，同时还要按要求写出切题的作文。b) 图表作文不同于图片描写，图表描写必须真实表述图表所反映的信息，做到准确无误。写作
38、时首先要对图表进行细致的观察分析和比较，从中找出其内在的特征，然后再进行恰如其分的说明，归纳和总结。c) 图表的标题往往也是作文的题目。图表中每个栏目的文字实际上是作文中的关键词。因此看清图表的标题，弄懂作文的主题思想，充分利用图表中的文字说明展开描述是写好图表作文的重要环节。d) 按图表提供数据的类别，把它归纳成几个方面，从而分辨出意义层次，安排好段落。三 写作步骤a) 仔细阅读作文标题和写作要求。同样的图表，在不同的写作要求下，会写出迥然不同的短文。b) 仔细观察图表。如果表中有大量数据，要注意分析，找出其中的变化规律，加以说明并归纳总结。c) 深入领会图表所传达的信息和要说明的问题。d)
39、 不要忽视文中的提示部分。看图表作文有时有一定的提示，这些提示往往有助于确定文章的思路。e) 写作时，考生可采用先描述后议论或夹叙夹议的方法。叙述一般是在为议论打基础，所以除了直接引用表中有关典型数据外，有必要做些简单的计算，指出增减的百分比、倍数或绝对数字来。切记毫无目的的引用表中过多或全7部的数据。 下面是写图表常用的句式、句型： The table(diagram/graph/chart/bar/pie chart/curve) presents(shows) the data (statistics/figures) about The above data (statistics/f
40、igures) can be interrupted as follows. As is shown in the table (diagram/graph/chart/bar/pie chart/curve). It can be seen from the table (diagram/graph/chart/bar/pie chart/curve) that From the data (statistics/figures) presented in the table (diagram/graph/chart/bar/pie chart/curve) we can conclude
41、that The data (statistics/figures) show (suggest/prove) that 表示倍数与比例关系的句型近年来图表作文经常出现，考生需要熟悉和掌握一些常用的句型来解释图表，分析和表达数据间的倍数和比例关系：Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents. Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one. We all hope that a count
42、rys population should be in proportion to its area. Unfortunately, the reality often goes against our will. A is by far the larger university, being over three times as big as B. And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the
43、number of January.引用图表时内容时的过度句型图表作文经常使用 as 从句作解释性描述的过度： This table provides several important points of comparison between the tow universities. As can be indicated in the table, the housing space for the stall of A in 1995 was 34500 square meters, which nearly doubled the Bs corresponding figure. A
44、s we could find out later in this unit, his plan was not quit as he had expected. As is revealed in the graph.As the survey results show四 写作范例下面是 1991 年 6 月四级作文题。让我们以此为例，分析和研究统计表的写作技巧。范文一 Changes in Peoples DietDirections: Write a three-paragraph composition to:1. State the changes in peoples diet i
45、n the past five years.2. Five possible reasons for the changes.3. Draw your own conclusionminimal slight sudden dropslow declinedramatic fallThere was a(n) (very) steady reduction steep decreasegradual fluctuationlarge increaserapid risesharpsmallmarkedcompared with/in relation to twice/three times
46、as high/large/many asdouble/triple/half the number/percentage of8You should quote a few figures as possible.YearFood1986 1987 1988 1989 1990Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45%Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13%Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21%Fruit and Vegetables24% 22% 20% 20% 21%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%短文框架构思一般的写作过程要
47、经历定题-构思- 收集材料-拟定提纲等阶段。而图表作文由于已经将写作的素材以数字的方式提供出来。因此其写作过程通常是：读图-整理素材-确定题目-拟定提纲。本试题既给了标题，统计表，又提出了提纲式的要求。因而它的写作过程是：紧扣主题读图-按段落大意的要求分析整理和归纳图表素材。1读图。 所谓读图，就是通过比较的方法弄清图表中各类数字之间的关系，找出可以提出看法的地方。常用的读图方法有如下几种：1） 单项首尾比较。 它是指将图表中某一项目中列在首位的数字和排列在末位的数字进行比较，从中了解这一项目在全过程中的变化。从表中第一行所提供的数字看，从 1986 年到 1990 年的五年间，在人们的饮食中
48、，作为大部分中国人主食的粮食成分在逐年减少。2） 综合首尾比较。它是指将图中排列在首位和末位的诸多项目分别作为一个整体综合起来进行比较，我们就会看出作为高能食品的奶，肉成分在逐年增加。3) 极值比较。它是指找出每个项目中的最大值和最小值。其主要目地是要对事物发展的趋势进行分析。2根据段落大意的要求，分析归纳图表素材，重列提纲。1）Changes in peoples dietA. Grain decreasesB. High-energy foods increase2) Two reasonsA. People are rich nowB. People pay more attention
49、 to nutriology3) ConclusionFinancial and health reasons范文Changes in Peoples DietIn the past five years there have been many changes in peoples diet. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese is now playing a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such as milk and meat, has
