1、Business Economics 商业经济学 essay 范文-最重要的方面是国际贸易商业经济学各国之间,在很大程度上取决于彼此买卖产品在世界市场的要求Business Economics 经济学的橘色目录介绍1。供给和需求是如何影响汇率的外币吗?2。了解各种贸易壁垒,制度的有效性,这些实体实施制裁3。积极影响,增加经济效益的欧洲联盟结论书目介绍其中一个最重要的方面是国际贸易商业经济学各国之间,在很大程度上取决于彼此买卖产品在世界市场的要求。身为交换货物和服务的国家之间、国际贸易的基础是世界经济,给予一个机会,让各种生产销售商品而不是利润国外受国家边界。然而,国际贸易不仅有利于单一生产者,
2、它也会利用不同的国家作为一个整体。例如,一个国家拥有无显著的自然资源如煤和天然气将能够在世界市场上购买使用金钱,它获得,例如,从销售轻工产品。有多个国家开展国际贸易的原因。最重要的原因是降低生产成本在一些地区,缺乏矿产资源,专门的行业分散的位置,不同口味和别人。国际贸易已相当长的历史,然而,它实现了重要性比率最高的国家,在最近几年,由于全球化的进程,导致该开放边界和商品和服务的自由流通。国际贸易发展产生的影响许多国家的一种积极的态度,但是,不可否认的领导人的世界贸易 countries-members是美国和欧盟。比例的产品的供给和需求决定了在世界市场波动的汇率,这是不同的国家的一个关键指标,
3、显示出的经济水平稳定的国家。国家,相对公司汇率(汇率波动,这在一定边界)通常比那些更好的发展,其汇率是不断变化的。混乱尽管所有的正面影响国际贸易,有一定的缺点的国际贸易对于某些群体的国家,为了消除这些负面影响国家的贸易壁垒,消除处以一定数量的进口商品或刺激出口。建立欧盟和世界贸易组织,国际贸易已收到更多的注意力从政府和企业,他们正试图尽他们最大的努力来获得利润。Table of ContentsIntroduction1. How Does Supply and Demand of Foreign Currency Affect Exchange Rates?2. Understanding
4、Various Types of Trade Barriers and the Effectiveness of Institutional Entities Which Impose Them3. Positive Effects and Increased Economic Performance of the European UnionConclusionBibliographyIntroductionOne of the most important aspects of business economics is international trade between variou
5、s nations, who largely depend on one another while selling and buying products at the world market. Being an exchange of goods and services between the countries, international trade is the basis of world economy, giving various producers an opportunity to make profit selling goods abroad rather tha
6、n being limited by the country borders. However, international trade benefits not only single producers, it does also benefit different countries as a whole. For example, a country possessing no significant http:/www.ukassignment.org/essayfw/19250.htmlnatural resources like coal or gas will be able
7、to purchase them at the world market using the money, which it earned, for example, from selling products of light industry. There are multiple reasons why countries conduct international trade. The most important reasons are lower costs of production at some regions, lack of mineral resources, scat
8、tered location of specialized industries, differences in tastes and others. International trade has a rather long history; however, it achieved the highest rate of importance during the recent years due to the process of globalization, which resulted in the openness of the borders and free flow of g
9、oods and services. International trade affected the development of many countries in a positive way; however, undeniable leaders of world trade are United States and countries-members of the European Union. Proportion of products supply and demand at the world market determines the fluctuation of ex
10、change rates of different countries, which is one of the essential indexes, showing the level of economic stability in the country. Countries, with relatively firm exchange rate (exchange rate, which fluctuates within certain borders) are usually better developed than those, whose exchange rate is c
11、onstantly and chaotically changing. Despite of all positive effects of international trade, there are certain disadvantages of international trade for certain groups of countries, and in order to eliminate these negative effects countries impose certain trade barriers to eliminate the amount of impo
12、rted goods or to stimulate export. With the establishment of European Union and World Trade Organization, international trade has received even more attention from governments and businesses, who are trying to do their best to derive profits from it.The main goal of the current study is to analyze t
13、he state of the modern international trade. In the context of this topic, the following points will be analyzed: interdependence of supply and demand of the goods and exchange rates, trade barriers and increased economic performance of the European Union.1. How Does Supply and Demand of Foreign Curr
14、ency Affect Exchange Rates?Being one of the essential characteristic features of countrys economy, exchange rate determines its level of economic stability while being influenced by money supply and demand. In its essence, exchange rate refers to the price of one currency expressed by certain amount
15、 of other currency. In other words, exchange rate of one countrys currency shows how many units of a foreign currency it is necessary to purchase one unit of the given currency. Also, exchange rate determines how much money residents of the country pay for the goods that are being imported and how m
16、uch money they will get for the goods that are being exported. In case when the value of the currency decreases, people have to pay more for the imported goods, which become more expensive in relation to the value of the currency. In such a situation, a country will have to reduce the amount of the
17、imported goods. On the contrary, foreign countries tend to purchase more of the countrys goods, because they become less expensive, which results in the increase of exports.For many years economists have been trying to study the nature of the exchange rates in order to find out what factors influenc
18、e it. However, in 1944 representatives of industrialized countries, who met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, decided to “fix the rate of exchange for all foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar” 6 and to tie dollar to the gold in order to have a fixed price of it. At that time, it was considered that
19、fixed exchange rate of the U.S. dollar will provide international stability. However, the system did not work, and indeed, caused a faster pace of inflation in the foreign countries. According to the authors of the book “Exchange Rate Dynamics: A New Open Economy Macroeconomics Perspective”, “Exchan
20、ge rate determination has been the “holy grail” of international finance and macroeconomics ever since the collapse of the Bretton Woods regime in 1971 and the ensuing period of high exchange rate volatility” 3. Nowadays, the exchange rate of the majority of world currencies is floating, which means
21、 that there is no exact value of any currency that is fixed and it is changing due to the multiple factors. Major factors influencing the exchange rate of any currency is the supply and demand of the given currency at the international exchange markets, which are markets where one currency is traded
22、 into another one. Besides supply and demand of currency, other factors also influence its exchange rate, which include: interest rate, inflation, investment, trade balance and others.No government can control exchange rate of any currency; however, the prices of foreign currencies are established a
23、t the FOREX (foreign exchange) market by means of the laws of supply and demand. Price for any currency is determined by the agents desire who participate in FOREX to purchase or sell given currency aiming at making profit during such transactions. Fluctuation of exchange rates complies with the law
24、s of supply and demand of money. For example, according to the law of supply, if the price for currency increases, its quantity offered to sell in the market will also increase; on the contrary, if price declines, the quantity offered will decrease. According to the law of demand, if the price for m
25、oney rises, the demand for it will decline, while it will rise together with the decrease of prices for currency. These two principles determine price fluctuation at the FOREX market. However, exchange rate is not only related to supply and demand of money. It also closely interacts with the supply
26、and demand of foreign goods and services which are traded at the international market. For example, if the price of foreign currency will be lower in U.S. dollars, it “will lower the price of foreign goods to U.S. residents and raise imports 2, and it will also “raise the price of U.S. goods to fore
27、igners and lower exports” 2.2. Understanding Various Types of Trade Barriers and the Effectiveness of Institutional Entities Which Impose ThemBefore naming and explaining various types of trade barriers it is necessary to determine the meaning of a trade barrier. Trade barriers are known to be gover
28、nment laws and regulations, policies or practices which are designed to restrict the amount and variety of imported goods with the goal to protect domestic producers from foreign competitors or in order to stimulate export of certain types of domestic goods. By means of trade barriers governments of
29、 different countries limit the existing free international exchange of goods and services. On one hand trade barriers have a negative impact on the global economy, preventing the latter from free functioning. On the other hand, certain positive consequences of the implementation of trade barriers al
30、so exist. There are various types and forms of trade barriers; however, there are two distinguished and commonly acknowledged groups of trade barriers existing nowadays. They are tariff and non-tariff trade barriers.(责任编辑：留学生作业)留学生作业网提供 www.ukassignment.org 代写 essay,代写assignment，qq1455780998 ，email:
