1、完形填空测试特点和应试策略 3 (发表于 2009 年 12 月 8 日 10 时 58 分 06 秒 ) 阅读： 1 (三) 逻辑关系 一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。 完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。 转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面
2、上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题： The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; _77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system
3、 quite different from (that) at home. 77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also 外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为 C。 a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike
4、, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, _89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places. 89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover 在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，文章的最后得出结论：“地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法“。由此可见，89 答案为 B。 In t
5、he United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. _87_ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited). 87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless 因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻
6、辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为 C。 The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyones (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. _86_ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came
7、when he had to land. 86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover 飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，“驾驶员“也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出 86 答案应该是 C。 Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. _84_ they answer first the
8、ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness. 84
9、. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then 这里介绍了在解答问题时“准备工作“的重要性。学生在回答问题之前先阅读所有的问题，然后先回答比较容易的，比较容易的问答完之后，对难的问题的答案也就自然而然地在大脑总出现。这反映出预先阅读的重要性。考生在把所有这些读清楚之后，就自然会清楚 84 处所表示的 时间上的关系，也就可以判断答案为 D。 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors)
10、 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. _72_ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special“ was men. 72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even 文章首先介绍财富，资源，劳动力在工业革命中的作用，然后笔锋一转提出文章的主题，发明机器的人。从这关系上看，72 处应是转折连词。答案为 A
11、。 The word “etiquette“, which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word “etiquette“ today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word “etiquette
12、“ in French, _79_, gradually developed a different meaning. It _80_ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or “etiquette“, as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. _82_, the word “etiquette“ began to indicate a system of cor
13、rect manners for people to follow. 79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore 80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later 82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus 这一部分介绍了语言中单词意思的变化。列举了两种情况，一种是单词意思没有变化，另一种是发生了变化，因此两者之间的关系为对比，从文章叙述的逻辑来看是转折，79 答案为 B。在介绍单词意思变化时介绍了“etiquette“ 在法语中的变化过程。这个变化过程是
14、一个时间的过程，80 答案为 D。在介绍“etiquette“的意思变化时通过一种习俗加以说明，上下为因果关系，82 答案为 D。 (四)根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空 四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，同学们应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。 1四级完形填空的段落类型 1) 比较对照型 比较对照是四六级英语考试完形填空中比较常用的一种段落格式。在解答这类完形填空时考生应注意利用比较对照模式所提供的信
15、息，包括对比项各自的特点，语言表达的方式，由于对比的出现，很容易出现复现现象，考生应注意利用这些信息，帮助解答完形填空。如： The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71_ these wide modern roads are generally _72_ and well maintained, with _73_ sharp
16、curves and many straight _74_, a direct route is not always the most _75_ one. Large highways often pass _76_ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally _77_ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with _78_ traffic during rush hours, _79_ the “fa
17、st, direct“ way becomes a very slow route. However, there is _80_ always-another route to take _81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the _82_ new “super highways“, there are often older, _83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . _84_ of these are good two-lane roads; others ar
18、e uneven roads _85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high _86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns _87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place _88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and t
19、he driver may have _89_ to get a fresh, clean _90_ of the world. 71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore 72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated 73. A. little B. few C. much D. many 74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections 75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D.
20、 profitable 76. A. to B. into C. over D. by 77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate 78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy 79. A. when B. for C. but D. that 80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite 81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since 82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
21、 83. A. and B. less C. more D. or 84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some 85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling 86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths 87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied 88. A. there B. which C. when D. where 89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot 90. A. view B. va
22、riety C. visit D. virtue 参考答案为：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C 81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C 86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A 再如 95 年 6 月四级完形填空中的两段。从 Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文将要比较发明家与科学家的不同。带着这个问题阅读，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不难读懂纯理论科学家注重的是研究的准确性，而发明家注重的是实
23、用性。根据上下文的对照关系可以很轻松地确定答案。 The men who _76_ the machines of the Industrial Revolution _77_ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were _78_ inventors than scientists. A man who is a _79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research _80_. He is not necessarily working _81_
24、that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is _82_ trying to make something that has a concrete _83_. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories _84_ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain _
25、85_ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of _86_ other objectives. 76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled 77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared 78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse 79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
26、80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately 81. A. now B. and C. all D. so 82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never 83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means 84. A. of B. with C. to D. as 85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific 86. A. few B. those C. many D. all 参考答案 ： 76B 7
27、7. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D 82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C 下面一段完形填空选自 98 年 1 月份的四级英语考题。在说明脑子的大小与智力无关时采用的对比方式，这种结构本身就说明了 73 题的答案是正确的。由于例证是用来说明智力与大脑的关系，就使得 72 成为复现现象。可见掌握语篇的结构模式对理解和语言再现的作用。 There are four types of blood. _67_ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human br
28、ains are the _68_. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will _69_ in size, but this occurs within every race. _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain _71_ examined belonged to a person of weak _72_. On the
29、other hand, some of our most distinguished people have _73_ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably _74_ show no differences intelligence between races. 67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some 68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike 69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary 70. A. Only B. Or C.
30、Nor D. So 71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once 72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought 73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major 74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate 2) 程序型段落 程序型段落指按照操作程序的顺序写就的段落，如实验过程的介绍等。98.6 四级的完形填空介绍的就是高中学生从中学备考到大学录取到高校报到注册的一个过程。学生在阅读时只要能抓住这个程序，文章就不难理解，完形填空答案的确定也就有了可靠的依据。 Th
31、e task of being accepted and enrolled in a university begins early for some students, long _71_ they graduate from high school. These students take special _72_ to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how _73_ prepared they are for the university. In the
32、final year of high school, they _74_ applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to _75_. Some high school students may be _76_ to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly _77_, and usually very frightened, they are _78_ to show
33、 that they have a good attitude and the _79_ to succeed. When the new students are finally _80_, there may be one more step they have to _81_ before registering for classes and _82_ to work. Many colleges and universities _83_ an orientation program for new students. _84_ these programs, the young p
34、eople get to know the _85_ for registration and student advising, university rules, the _86_ of the library and all the other _87_services of the college or university. Beginning a new life in a new place can be very _88_. The more knowledge students have _89_ the school, the easier it will be for t
35、hem to _90_ to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life. 71. A. as B. after C. since D. before 72. A. course B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects 73. A. deeply B. widely C. well D. much 74. A. fulfill B. finish C. complete D. accomplish 75. A. attend B. participate C.
36、study D. belong 76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required 77. A. decorated B. dressed C. coated D. worn 78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined 79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality 80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted 81. A. make B. undergo C. take
37、D. pass 82. A. getting B. putting C. falling D. sitting 83. A. offer B. afford C. grant D. supply 84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On 85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions 86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility 87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great 88. A. amusing B. mislead
38、ing C. alarming D. confusing 89. A. before B. about C. on D. at 90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt 3) 时间型段落 时间型的段落属记叙性文体，文章以时间为顺序介绍事情的发展过程。在做这类完形填空时，考生应注意抓住时间这个线索，把握整个事情的发展过程，弄清各种事情的前因后果。94 年 1 月份的四级考题中完形填空所采用的就是时间型段落。 As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong
39、. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and _71_ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly _72_ forward. At the moment, the air-hostess _73_. She looked very pale, but was quite _74_. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she _75_ everyone that the pilot had _76
40、_ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines - or at _77_ how to drive a car. After a moments _78_, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilots cabin. Moving the pilot _79_, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the _80_ instructions that were being sent by r
41、adio from the airport _81_. The plane was now dangerously close _82_ the ground, but to everyones _83_, it soon began to climb. The man had to _84_ the airport several times in order to become _85_ with the controls of the plane. _86_ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible _87_ came when he had
42、 to land. Following _88_, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently _89_ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly _90_ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely. 71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then 72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved 73. A. showed B
43、. presented C. exposed D. appeared 74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet 75. A. inquired B. insured C. informed D. instructed 76. A. fallen B. failed C. faded D. fainted 77. A. best B. least C. length D. first 78. A. hesitation B. surprise C. doubt D. delay 79. A. back B. aside C. about D. off 80. A
44、. patient B. anxious C. urgent D. nervous 81. A. beneath B. under C. down D. below 82. A. to B. by C. near D. on 83. A. horror B. trust C. pleasure D. relief 84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view 85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close 86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover 87
45、. A. moment B. movement C. idea D. affair 88. A. impression B. information C. inspections D. instructions 89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so 90. A. around B. over C. along D. above 2 段落类型在完形填空中的运用 段落类型的知识不仅有利于短文的理解，帮助学生掌握文章的语意发展逻辑，掌握文章的细节内容，学生也可根据段落类型所提供的信息确定完形填空的选项。 1) 根据段落类型确定适当的转承语 不同的段落类型有不同的叙述逻辑，也因此有各自的转承语。正确分辨段落的类型有助于转承语的选择。比如下面一篇介绍在家办公的文章，文章介绍的在家办公的好处和出现的问题。在介绍利和弊的时候采用的对比的方式，先介绍在家工作给人们带来的好处，接着另起一段介绍在家工作所面临的问题。在说明在家工作的益处时采用了例证的方式，采取渐升的叙述逻辑。从转承语的一致性上来看，叙述在家工作的益处时所采用的转承语为：For one thing - For another -Most 删除 引用 回复 | 返回 我的回复
