1、完形填空测试特点和应试策略 1 (发表于 2009 年 12 月 8 日 10 时 56 分 41 秒 ) 阅读： 4 大学英语六级完形填空测试要点 从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点: 1 搭配题 1) 名词与介词的搭配，如 95 年的 answers to ( answers 88 the more difficult ones)； 2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ( the ones 85 which they are most confident)；3) 动词与介词的搭配，如 97 年的 take sth for granted (Take it
2、 69 granted that he likes everything),98 年 judgefrom (We judge race usually_62_the coloring of the skin), get to work ( before _82_to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _ to the new environment)； 4) 动词和名词的搭配，如 98 年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to _81_ before re
3、gistering for classes and _82_ to work) ； 5) 副词与分词的搭配,如 98 年的 well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how 73 prepared they are for the university)等等。 这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。 2 短语 另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如 95 年的 take place， come from， 97 年的 have an idea, com
4、e back, 98 年的 in the past, 2000 年的 learn by heart。 3 上下文线索 名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。 三、 完形填空解题技巧 (一)注意词汇知识的运用 完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。 1 注意动词自身的结构功能 对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词
5、的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语；二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如： Individuals of every race_76_civilization to go backward or forward. 76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn 根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为 B。 Some high school students may be 76 to have an interview with representatives of the university. 76. A.
6、 acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required 根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除 A， B 两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项 “要求“，而非一项“ 命令“ ，所以答案为 D。 2 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系 在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如： Do not talk too much to the child _75_ meal times, but let him get on with hi
7、s food, and do not _76_ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will _77_learn to swallow his food _78_ he can hurry back to his toys. 75. A. on B. over C. by D. during 76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade 77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly 78. A. so B. until C. lest D. altho
8、ugh 76 题动词的选择依赖于上下句意思的需要。从四个选项的结构功能来看，A 不对，因为 agree后不能接复合宾语。从语意角度来看，A，B 包含否定的含义， C，D 包含肯定的含义。“不同意/允许孩子马上离开“即阻止孩子离开， 而“不强迫/说服孩子马上离开“即允许孩子离开，只是不采用强制的手段。根据下文“否则孩子会养成狼吞虎咽的习惯以便尽快地回去玩自己的玩具“，答案应是 B。可见，动词的选择不仅应看其句法功能，还需根据上下文确定其语义要求。 3 注意分析上下文的情景 结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，考生应注意分析上下文的情景。对于行为动词的选择应想
9、象当时所发生的事情，根据“目睹的所发生的事情“进行选择。如： The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and _71_ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly _72_ forward. 71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then 72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved 虽然 72 中的四个动词都能与 forward.搭配，但根据飞机在空中如此颠簸的情况，乘客
10、应该是被“抛向前方“。另外，shift 一般还表示左右摇摆为多，put forward 一般做“提出( 建议)“ 解，move forward 是“向前移动“可能是乘客从座位上走下来，向前漫漫移动，与当时飞机上的情形不符。 4 注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句进行判断 完形填空不同于“词汇语法填空“之处就于，在完形填空所依赖的上下文比词汇语法填空要大的多。在做完形填空时，考生必须仔细阅读上下文，切不可只凭一句的提示进行判断。如： It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or “etiquette“, as t
11、o how visitors should dress themselves and _81_ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word “etiquette“ began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. 81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow 该题中四个选项意思差别很大，也没有结构上的特殊要求，只能根据上下文的意思确定选项。本句所处短文所要说明的是词语的演变问题。该句所
12、表达的是在法语中“etiquette“是一种卡片，用来书写提示，提示客人应该穿什么衣服，以及在仪式上应注意的事项，即言谈举止应注意的问题，再结合下文的 to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow 可以判断本题答案应是 A。 5 注意词汇与话题的同现 每个单词都有其适应的空间，其适合的话题，与同一话题相连的单词就构成了一个以话题为中心的词汇链。在做完形填空时考生可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择。如 I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were _74
13、_ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test. 74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised 与学校这个话题相连的动词很多，如 teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss 等等。根据本题四个选项的特点和 74 处被动语态的使用，考生可以轻松地判断答案为C。 6. 注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能 完形填空中涉及到介词选择的有两种：一
14、种是常用介词的基本用法；另一种是与介词有关的搭配，测试中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介词用法的考查。在做这类考题时将介词选项的表意功能与上下文结合起来即可。 如： He may try to solve a problem by using the theories _84_ science or by experimenting through trial and error. 84. A. of B. with C. to D. as “科学的理论“，of 表示“ 有关“。 Some geography books focus on a small area _77_ a town or ci
15、ty. 77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like 四个介词无任何相同之处，意思差别很大，根据 a small area 和 town city 之间的列举关系，答案应是 D。 A geographer might be described _85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. 85. A. for B. as C. to D. by 表示“作为“的介词是 as。 They read over the questions _83_ trying
16、to answer any of them. 83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against 阅读问题和回答问题之间所存在的是时间上的前后问题，自然是先阅读问题后回答，所以答案为 C。 People see the “sun“ moving _80_ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening. 80. A. around B. across C. on D. above 太阳由东向西划过天空，四个选项中只有 B，
17、能表示“ 从一边到另一边“，答案应是 B。 7 根据代词在上下文中的替代作用选择适当的代词 就代词而言，重点是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同时要特别注意 that, one 等的运用。如： The foreign research scholar usually isolates _76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection. 76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one 这是反身代词的一般用法，句子主语不是泛指的 one， C 不对，答案为 A。 What he needs is to be fitted wi
18、th a highly organized university system quite different from _79_ at home. 79. A. those B. what C. which D. that 根据所对比的内容“university system“，可以判断，79 所代替的是可数单数特指，说明答案应是 D。 Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66_ else to do so. 66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. n
19、obody 本句为否定句，因此应选择非断定词，即答案为 B。 At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as _74_ as he is likely to eat all at once. 74. A. much B. little C. few D. many 本句所谈论的是一顿饭应该让孩子吃多少，从这一点上来讲，量的表达应用不可数代词，C，D可以排除。从上文中的 a small
20、 portion 来看，这里所要表达是 “而不是孩子想吃多少就让他吃多少“， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案为 A。 8 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案 (1) 注意常用短语动词的辨认 动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种；另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例： The man who (invented) the machines of
21、 the Industrial Revolution _76_ from many backgrounds and many occupations. 76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared 该题选项中只有一个可与 from 搭配，即 A。 At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73_ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is like
22、ly to eat all at once. 73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take 从搭配上而言，B，D 都是正确的，但 take back 表示“收回前言，承认自己是错误的“，与本题语义不符。这里只表示“回来“，所以答案是 B。 The word geography _74_ from two Greek words. 74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes 该题可有两个正确的搭配，但 result from 表示“起因于“，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是 D。 (2) 注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配
23、功能 The initial effort to recall _77_ the mind for operation. 77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares 本题答案为 D， prepare for 表示“使做好 准备“ 。 The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to _90_ to the new environment. 90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt 使自己适应新的环
24、境应是 adapt oneself to 。 But they will also _72_ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole). 72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go 本题中跟与 beyond 搭配的只有选项 D。 He is faced in his daily work _80_ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. A. toward B. with
25、 C. to D. at 与 be faced 搭配的介词是 with。 But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not _64_ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. 64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention 从搭配功能上讲，只有 tell 可接 something about。 (3)注意形容词与名词的搭配 These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which
26、 means that they become crowded with _78_ traffic during rush hours. 78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy 用来修饰 traffic 的有 light/heavy。根据上文中 crowded 和下文 rush hours 可以判断这里的正确搭配应是 heavy traffic。 (4) 注意名词与介词的搭配 名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。 But they also (go) beyond t
27、he individual places and consider the earth as a _73_. 73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total 本题答案为 A，构成 as a whole 的搭配，意为“ 作为整体“。 By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88_ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness. 88. A. to B. of C. about D. for 本题所考查的实际上是名词
28、与介词的搭配，答案为 A。 (5)注意形容词与介词的搭配 Even if a grade is not given, the student is _77_ for learning the material assigned. 77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed 从搭配能力上来看，A，D 结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是 C, be responsible for 表示“对负责“，而上下文所讲的正是“学生应该对自己的学习负起责任“。 The man had to (circle) the airpor
29、t several times in order to become _85_ with the controls of the plane. 85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close 从搭配上来看，只有 B 是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是 B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。 Then they answer first the ones _85_ which they are most confident. 85. A. of B. with C. for D. in which 所引导的是定语从
30、句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是 D，“对很自信“应该是 be confident in。 9 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词 近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如： They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference _83_ in the library. Professors will help stu
31、dents who need it, but _84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them. 83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins 84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer 83 中 collections 为“全集、汇编“；selections 为“选集“，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D 意思接近，但所指有别，只“源泉、来源“，指“起源、起因“。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的
32、源泉，答案应是 C。 These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns _87_ in deep valleys. 87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied 本题的选择涉及到 lie 和 lay 语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示“坐落“的应该是不及物动词 lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即 A。 At this moment, the air ho
33、stess _73_. She looked pale, but was quite _74_. 73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared 74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet 73 中四个选项都有“ 出现、显露“ 方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示“出现“之意，所以答案为 D。 74 除 A 外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still 表示“站着不动“，quiet 表示“ 安静，不乱说，乱动“，
34、calm 则表示人， “镇定、平静“。上文的“脸色苍白“，说明了“恐惧“ 的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够“镇定“ ，“不能泰然处之“。句中 but 的使用，所以，答案应该是 C。 If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother _67_vegetables in the childs hearing he is _68_ to copy the procedure. 67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends 68. A. willing B. possible
35、 C. obliged D. likely 67 四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A 搭配不对，因 oppose 后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny 表示“ 拒绝给予“，意思不符，offend 表示“ 冒犯，触怒“，与 vegetable 搭配不当。refuse 表示“拒绝“，即“拒绝吃蔬菜“ ，为正确选项。 68 中有两种选项：A ，B 表示与“意愿“有关的概念；B，D 表示“可能性“。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D 两个选项中，B 句法结构不对，答案为 D。 Human brains are the _68_
36、. 68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike 四个选项都表示“相同“ 的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有 same 与定冠词连用，答案自然是 A。 Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72_ to prepare for advanced study. 72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects 除 B 之外，其它三
37、个选项都与“ 课程“有关，subject 是“学科“科目“ ， major 表示“专业“， course 意为“课程“。另外从搭配来看，能与 take 搭配的也只是选项 A。 Some high school students may be _76_ to have an interview with representatives of the university. 76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required A， D 为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个
38、要求，答案为 D。 They are _78_ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79_ to succeed. 78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined 79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality 78 中四个选项都可表示“ 决定“ ，但能构成 be + v-ed 结构的却只有 D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A 与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是“权利“，“能源 “，所以 7
39、9 题的正确选项应该是 B。 10 运用语法知识 四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。 (1)根据虚拟语气选择时态 If all places _87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers. 87. A. being B. are C. be D. were 本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有 D 是虚拟语气的结构，答案为 D。 (2)根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词 Even those who had
40、 little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89_ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before. 89. A. as B. if C. because D. while 本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为 B。 (3) 正确判断定语从句 只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤
41、其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如： The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth“, and graphein, _75_ means “to write“. 75. A. what B. that C. which D. it 可以判断 the Greek word for “earth“,为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看 graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明 graphein 的，这就说明， graphein 后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号
42、的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为 C。 He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of _ were professors. A. them B. whom C. which D. those 这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填 them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填 whom 则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。 (4) 注意定语从句的关系词的运用 有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是
43、先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如： Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place _88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world. 88. A. there B. which C. when D. where 这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从
44、句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为 D。 The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new _79_ is better and higher than anything (in) the past. 79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever 先行词是 something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词
45、应该是 that，即 A。 These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, _79_ the “fast, direct“ way becomes a very slow route. 79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1) 从句所表达的是什么时候这种直接快捷的高速公路变得如此缓慢，是对的解释，先行词为时间，关系词在从句中做状语，
46、说明答案为 A。 (5)根据定语从句的关系词判断先行词 如先行词不同，关系词也随着不同，只有当先行词为表示地点时关系词才可用 where。所以从关系词的使用情况可以判断先行词的类别。四六级完形填空中不乏此类的考题。如： This is thought to be a _89_ where further study is called (for). 89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district 根据关系词 where 和从句中所表示的“ 研究“,可以确定先行词应该是 field“领域“。 The _62_ a meal is cooked and ser
47、ved is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a childs appetite. 62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method 定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是 way。 (6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用 当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用 ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。 The largest brain _71_ examined belong
48、ed to a person of weak (mind). 71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once 初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于 that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。 (7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用 It shook violently _89_ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after
49、 a long run it stopped safely. 89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so 飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D 因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词 while 从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是 A，as 表示同时发生。 Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? _71_ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it. 71
