1、L1 Finding fossil manWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas-legends handeddown fro
2、m one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Isl
3、ands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find
4、out where the firstmodern men came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when
5、 even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.New words and expressionsrecount /rikaunt/ v.叙述 / reikaunt/ 再数一次record / rekd/ /ri kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复describedepict： a little emotionalnarrate： temporal they would devour all our crops and kill our fl
6、ocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least
7、 harm to us or ourbelongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on
8、spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impo
9、ssible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human being
10、s in the country.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分you are the same flock.也可指人herd 多指牛群 cowherd cowboythrong and crowd swarmowe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issu
11、eoblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankfulbeast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用 animal 形容creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon one s behalf 代表 利益I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好on behalf of somebody /somethinge.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of representa
12、uthority /C:WCriti/ n.权威 authorize 批准 authoritative 权威性的 authoritarian 独裁的tarian 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator 独裁者dictatorial 独裁的authorities 权威（可单数可复数） 当局（复数）census /senss/ n.统计数据the fifth national population census. censor 审查censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的acre /eik/ n.英亩 acresquare metersfootball pitch 足球场 football yar
13、d football court football fieldbe content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart :心满意足的人spare /spZ/ v. 不伤害，宽恕spare me He doesnt spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么)Notes on the textwhy, you may wonderyou may wonder why 插入语 先不管插入
14、语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why 以疑问句 开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy 程度比 damage 要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into piecesgreatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemydear enemyhu
15、man race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和 possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语they would 表示假设devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the foodmake a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the bookit 虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词 devour,后面用一般过去时If
16、 it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.but for 一定是虚拟语气 if it were not forowe 感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题all of them put together:把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是 killdestroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spiderL 3 MattonhornModern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will givethem good sport
17、, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that
18、 during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal-the top!It is hard fo
19、r us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally d
20、irty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could-sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), somet
21、imes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariablythe background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions1、 a
22、lpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员climber mountaineer词根：alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n阿尔卑斯山脉 Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、 attain(1.4)/+tein/ v到达to get toto arrive at/into attain ones goal=realizeto attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点attain youth 永葆青春attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/peril
23、+s/adj危险的 peril （随时可能出现的）危险avalanche 雪崩4、shudder (1.5)/M)d+/ v不寒而栗shudder:quick and suddentremble:long and very obviousquiver:excitement ,maybe coldshiver: cold and nervous5、 go out of ones way 专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me受不起6、 court （multiple meanings 多义词）1） 朝廷 朝臣 courtier2） courteous 彬彬有礼的3） 法
24、庭4） 娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court5） 追求6） 招致 骄兵必败 pride courts failure7、 solitary(1.6)/s and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulde
25、rs had asimilar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. lt was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her handswere wet.New words an
26、d expressions1、Perceive 察觉，瞬间感觉到的to make out 费尽心机辨出I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out .Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out.I perceive a fly in my teacup.2、elbow ones way (用肘) 挤出elbow ones way out of the crowed.挤出人群L5 No Room in the ArkThe gorilla is something of
27、 a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones havebeen mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike
28、. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoolo
29、gist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well. But even he was unable to d
30、iscover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu firs
31、t described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardlymore elusive.New words and expressions（good article : five stars 该文写得不错。 ）the + n.(s) 表示一类: the gorilla(s)scene 场景in the African scene : Africa as the
32、backgroundgather palace 聚集地something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点）contradictory ideas about him主题句：One thinks one knows him very well.问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）For more than one hundred years 一百多年西方，动物一般用
33、人称代替。本文中，gorillas 用 him 代替。另外有 cat she, dog he .imprisoned 关起来圈养be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆重点句型：He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅力exert on 施加（压力）impose on ,例如 impose influence on , impose pressure on上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.或 The gorilla is a
34、lways fascinating to Sb.alike adv.相同，一样 adj.只能做表语。例如：The two are alike. 这两人真像。形容词只要以 a 开头， 99.99%都做表语。不能做定语词。例如：asleep , awake ,afloat 等He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventurebooks.stereotyped old time 老样子 horror films 恐怖片film (英) movie (美)the stereotyped monster 经典模式省略主语
35、 and (he is) an obvious () link with our ancestral pastlink with 与相联系our ancestral past (n.)through not perhaps strikly scientific尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late.Yet 与 however ，表示转折，意思完全相同。但 yet 用在句首，however 加标点，可以用在自由位置。重要句型：No really sa
36、tisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in Take picture / photograph 照相of one 定语后置， satisfactory photograph of one。主要是为了句子的平衡。One 指 gorillain a wild state 在野生状态下keep the under observation 把某事处于观察之下keep the city clean 保持城市清洁close and constant observation 持续不断的观察Eg: I have to keep the boy und
37、er close control.To control the boy very strikly.插入语：however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇Eg: No man , however intelligent , is perfect.No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise.lies buried here among the animals he loved so well埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间形容词做状语：lie awake , lie crouchedli
38、fespan 寿命how long the gorilla lives因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以 live 用一般现代时。Organs decay 器官衰竭Nor 引导否定并列句，与 unable 并列生活方式：group living , individual living智力：intelligence IQ , intelligence qoutientCIA the Central Intelligence Agency of AmericaCID Criminal investigation Division 重案组，罪犯调查科All this and many other thin
39、g remain (amost as much ) a mystery (as ) they were.as much as 同 the same asremain a mystery the same as they were.He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and awriter.civilized world 文明世界savaged world 野生世界civilized : to get away from wild life中文中的“文明单位 “不能用 civilized , 应该用 model
40、 或pace setting unitIm a pace soldiery。我是排头兵。The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardlymore elusive.那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪人，看起来也不一定比我们研究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。 （通过侧面比较，引出结论，一种有用的写作方法）Abominable Snowman 作比较，省略 gorillaL 6 YouthPeople are always talking about the
41、problem of youth . If there is onewhich I take leave to doubt-then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings-people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a youn
42、g one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain-that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as som
43、ething so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort
44、. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. Its as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a
45、 young person. He may be conceited, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders-as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. New words and e
46、xpressions .sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事get down to sth. 认真研究 get down to +名词动名词glorious 光辉灿烂的rub 难题teenager 青少年for one thing 原因之一，有一点是 连接词 for anotheridentity 身份air of freedom 无拘无束 air:神态、气势dreary 沉郁的ambition 追名逐利cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人violent 强烈的，暴力的suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的conceited 自
47、高自大的presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的fatuous 愚蠢的clich 陈词滥调I take leave to say我冒昧地说I take leave to be frank恕我直言。口语：maybe Im too bold or . Im bold enough or. Allow myself tosay Take ones leave = take leave 离开（正式用法）Would you please take your leave?我很烦的几种表示法：What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk.g
48、et down to + 名词/动名词例：我开始学习了。 I get down to my studies.I get down to learning my book.to- 介词同义词： be engaged ingloriousglory n. 光荣（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous）in ones glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期in ones dayin ones golden daysin ones prime timein the pride of ones liferub 摩擦at odds 有矛盾have wo
49、rds with sb. 和拌嘴Do you get the rub?Do you get the picture?Do you catch me ?Do you get me ?Whats the range?问年龄Teenager 14 到 18Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13 到 16Juvenile 青少年Youth 20 到 30Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气Finicky airs 娇气Dreary 同: drearisome a.无味，无聊Sterile : 枯燥无味Monotonous: 乏味无聊Gloomy： 沉闷Lifeless: 无生气的have ambit
