1、生物英语证书考试 (PEC)-微生物学词汇Microscope 显微镜Antony van leeuwenhoek 吕文虎克Louis Pasteur 巴斯德Joseph Lister 李斯德Robert Koch 郭霍Koch postulate 郭霍法则molecular Koch postulate 分子郭霍法则Bacterium 细菌 Coccus 球菌Diplococcus 双球菌Bacillus 杆菌Spiral bacterium 螺型菌Vibrio 弧菌Spirillum 螺菌Polymorphism 多形性Cell wall 细胞壁Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Mucop
2、eptide 粘肽Glycopeptide 糖肽Murein 胞壁质N-acetylmuramic acid ，NAM N-乙酰胞壁酸N-acetylglucosamine, NAG N-乙酰葡糖胺Diaminopimelic acid, DAP 二氨基庚二酸Teichoic acid 磷壁酸Ribitol 核糖醇Lipoteichoic acid, LTA 脂磷壁酸Outer membrane 外膜Lipopolysaccharide LPS脂多糖Lipid A 脂质 ALysozyme 溶菌酶Protoplast 原生质体Spheroplast 圆球体Bactrrial L form 细菌
3、 L 形Cytoplasmic membrane 细胞膜Mesosome 中介体Cytoplasm 细胞质Ribosome 核糖体Plasmid 质粒Inclusion 内含物Metachromatic granule 异染颗粒Volutin 纡回体Nuclear material 核质Nucleoid 拟核Capsule 荚膜Microcapsule 微荚膜Slime layer 黏液层Smooth colony 光滑型菌落Mucoid colony 黏液型 菌落Rough colony 粗糙型菌落Flagellum 鞭毛Pilus(fimbria) 菌毛Common pilus 普通菌毛S
4、ex pilus 性菌毛Fertility 致育性Spore 芽孢Endospore 内芽孢Vegetative form 繁殖体Spore wall 芽孢壁Cortex 皮质层Coat芽孢壳Exosporium 芽孢外衣Light microscope 光学显微镜Electron microscope 电子显微镜Dark microscope 暗视野显微镜Gram stain 革兰染色法Bacterial metabolism 细菌代谢Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌Microaerophilic bacterium 微需氧菌Facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌Ob
5、ligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌Superoxide dismutase SOD 超氧化物歧化酶Catalase 触酶Peroxidase 郭氧化物酶Binary fission 二分裂法Growth curve 生长曲线Lag phase 迟晚期Logarithmic phase 对数生长期Stationary phase 稳定期Decline phase 衰亡期Autotroph 自养菌Heterotroph 异养菌Saprophyte 腐生菌Permease 通透酶Fermentation 发酵Pyrogen 热原质Antibiotic 抗生素Exotoxin 外毒素Endot
6、oxin 内毒素Bacteriocin 细菌素Culture medium 培养基Basal medium 基础培养基Nutrient medium 营养培养基Selective medium 选择性培养基Different medium 鉴别培养基Anaerobic medium 厌养培养基Cooked meat medium 庖肉培养基Colony 菌落，克隆Pure culture 纯培养Agar 琼脂Heredity 遗传Variation 变异Genotype 基因型Phenotype 表型Chromosome 染色体Replication fork 复制叉Leading stran
7、d 前导链Lagging strand 随从链Semiconservative replication 半保留复制Plasmid 质粒Conjugative plasmid 接合性质粒Non-conjugative plasmid 非接合性质粒 Curing 消失Fertility plasmid 致育性质粒，F 质粒Resistance plasmid 耐药性质粒，R 质粒Colicinogenic plasmid 大肠杆菌定居原性质粒 Col 质粒Virulence plasmid 毒力质粒，V 质粒Episome 附加子Compatibility 相容性Incompatibility 不
8、相容性Transposable element 转位因子Transposase 转位酶Insertion sequence IS 插入序列Transposon TN 转座子Bacteriophage phage 噬菌体Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体Temperate phage 温和噬菌体Lysogeny 溶原性Lysogenic phage 溶原性噬菌体Lysogenic bacterium 溶原性细菌Prophage 前噬菌体 Attachment 吸附Adsorption 吸附Penetration 穿入Biosynthesis 生物合成Maturation 成熟Release
9、 释放Mutation 突变Spontaneous mutation 自发突变Point mutation 点突变Chromosome aberration 染色体畸变Base pair substitution 碱基置换Open reading frame 开阅框架Transition 转换Transversion 颠换Deletion 缺失Translocation 易位Duplication 重复Inversion 倒位Frame shift mutation 移码突变Missense mutation 误义突变Nonsense mutation 无义突变Backward mutatio
10、n 回复突变Mutation suppression 突变校正Intragenic suppression 基因内校正Extragenic suppression 基因间校正Fluctuation test 波动试验，彷徨试验Replica planting 平板培养影印试验Auxotroph 营养缺陷型Prototroph 原养型Conditional lethal mutation 条件致死性 突变Temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变株，Ts 株Bacilli Calmette-Guerin , BCG 卡介苗Recombination 重组Gene tr
11、ansfer 基因转移Transformation 转化Transforming principle 转化因子Competence 感受态Transduction 转导General transduction 普遍性转导Abortive transduction 流产转导 Restricted transduction 局限性转导Transducing phage 转导噬菌体 Conjugation 接合High frequency recombinant ,Hfr 高频重组株Interrupted matting experiment 间断交配试验Sexduction 性导Resistanc
12、e transfer factor ， RTF 耐药转 移因子Resistance determinant ,r-det 耐药决定因子Lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换Gene engineering 基因工程Ames test Ames 试验Pathogenic bacterium 病原菌，致病菌Pathogen 病原菌，致病菌Non pathogen 非致病菌Conditional pathogen 条件致病菌Opportunistic pathogen 机会性致病菌 Normal flora 正常菌群Membrane flora 膜菌群Dysbacteriosis 菌群
13、失调Flora disequilibrium 菌群失调Superinfection 二重感染Nosocomial infection 医院内感染Hospital acquired infection 医院内获得性感染Cross infection 交叉感染Iatrogenic infection 医源性感染Environmental infection 环境感染Self-infection 自身感染Lethal dose for 50% of host , LD50 半数致死量Median lethal dose, LD50 半数致死量Infestious dose for 50% of ho
14、st, ID50 半数感染量Median infective dose, ID50 半数感染量Virulence 毒力Invasion 侵袭Invasiveness 侵袭力Adherence 黏附Adhesin 黏附素Receptor 受体Antiphagocytic factor 抗吞噬因子Exoenzyme 胞外酶Leukocidin 杀白细胞素Cytolytic toxin 溶细胞毒素Kinase 激酶Hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶Collagenase 胶元酶IgA1 protease IgA1 蛋白酶Toxigenicity 产毒性Toxin 毒素Exotoxin 外毒素Cy
15、totoxin 细胞毒素Neurotoxin 神经毒素Enterotoxin 肠毒素Endotoxin 内毒素Lipopolysaccharide , LPS 脂多糖Prostaglandin 前列腺素Disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC 弥漫性血管内凝血Limulus test 鲎试验 Toxoid 类毒素Subclinic infection 隐性感染，亚临床感染Clinic infection 显性感染，临床感染Acute infection 急性感染Chronic infection 慢性感染Local infection 局部感染Ge
16、neralized infection 全身感染Latent infection 潜伏感染Toxemia 毒血症Bacteremia 菌血症Septicemia 败血症Pyemia 脓毒血症Carrier 带菌者Innate immunity 天然免疫Nonspecific immunity 非特异性免疫Acquired immunity 获得性免疫Specific immunity 特异性免疫Myeloperoxidase 髓过氧化物酶Defesin 防御素Lactoferrin 乳铁蛋白Reactive oxygen intermediate,ROW 活性氧中介物Phagosome 吞噬体
17、Lysosome 溶酶体Phagolysosome 吞噬溶酶体Phagocytosis 吞噬Pinocytosis 吞饮Respiratory burst 呼吸爆发Vaccine 疫苗Bioproduct 生物制品Artificial active immunity 人工主动免疫Artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫Liposome 脂质体Toxoid 类毒素Bacille calmette-Guerin , BCG 卡介苗Minimal inhibitory concentration , MIC 最低抑菌浓度Minimal bactericidal conce
18、ntration ,MBC 最低杀菌浓度Esherichia 埃希菌属E . coli 大肠杆菌Colonization factor antigen , CFA 定居因子抗原Invasin 侵袭素Uropathogenic E . coli 尿道致病性大肠杆菌Enterotoxigenic E .coli , ETEC 肠产毒性大肠埃希菌Enteroinvasive E . coli , EIEC 肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌Enteropathogenic E . coli , EPEC 肠致病性大肠埃希菌Enterohemorrhagic E . coli , EHEC 肠出血性大肠埃希菌Ente
19、roaggregative E . coli , EAEC 肠集聚性大肠埃希菌Enterocolitis 小肠结肠炎Heat labile enterotoxin , LT 不耐热肠毒素Heat stable enterotoxin , ST 耐热肠毒素Haemolytic uraemic symdrome , HUS 溶血性尿毒综合症Proteus 变形杆菌属weil Felix test 外斐试验Corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属C. diphtheriae 白喉杆菌Elongation factor-2 延长因子2Schick test 锡克试验Diphtheroid bacil
20、li 类白喉杆菌Elek plate test Elek 平板试验Enteric bacilli 肠道杆菌Enterobacteriaceae 肠杆菌科Salmonella 沙门菌属S . typhi 伤寒杆菌S . typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌S . enteritidis 肠炎沙门菌S . anatum 鸭沙门菌Virulence antigen , Vi antigen Vi 抗原Widal test 肥达试验Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌tubercle bacillus 结合杆菌cord factor 索状因子old tuberculin
21、OT 旧结核菌素purified protein derivative PPD 结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物 OT test 结核菌素试验Macobacterium leprae 麻风杆菌M. leprae 麻风杆菌Vibrio 弧 菌 V. cholera 霍乱弧菌Classical biotype 古典生物型EL Tor biotype EL Tor 生物型Cholera enterotoxin 霍乱肠毒素Non-agglutinating Vibrio , NAG 不凝集性弧菌V. parahemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌Kanagawa test 神奈川试验Streptococcus 链球
22、菌hemolytic streptococcus 甲型溶血性链球菌hemolytic streptococcus 乙型溶血性链球菌hemolytic streptococcus 丙型溶血性链球菌group A streptococcus A 群链球菌streptokinase , SK 链激酶streptodornase , SD 链道酶hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶 streptolysin 链球菌溶血素streptolysin O , SLO 链球菌溶血素 Ostreptolysin S , SLS链球菌溶血素 Spyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素erythrogen
23、ic toxin 红疹毒素scarlet fever toxin 猩红热毒素 S . Agalatiae 无乳链球菌Antistreptolysin O test , ASO test 抗链球菌溶血素 O 试验pneumococcus 肺炎球菌S . Pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Optochin test ( Optochin ethylhydrocupreine dihydrochloride ) 奥普托辛试验Quellung reaction 荚膜肿胀试验Neisseria 奈瑟菌属N.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈氏菌Meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌N.gonorrho
24、eae 淋病奈氏菌Gonococcus 淋球菌Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌S.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌S.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌S.saprophyticus 腐生葡萄球菌Staphylococcal protein A ,SPA 葡萄球菌 A 蛋白Coagglutination 协同凝集试验Coaggulase 凝固酶Free coaggulase 游离凝固酶Bound coaggulase 结合凝固酶Staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶血素Leukocidin 杀白细胞素Enterotoxin 肠毒素Exfoliative toxin , exfoliatin
25、 表皮剥脱毒素Epidemolytic toxin 表皮溶解毒素Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ,SSSS 葡萄球菌皮肤烫伤样综合症Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 毒性休克综合症毒素1Coaggulase negative staphylococcus ,CNS 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌Clostridium 厌氧芽孢梭菌属C. tetani 破伤风梭菌Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素Tetani antitoxin , TAT 破伤风抗毒素C. perfringens 产气
26、荚膜梭菌Nagler reaction 卵磷脂酶试验Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵Gas gangrene 气性坏疽C. botulinum 肉毒梭菌C. difficile 艰难梭菌Bacteroides 类杆菌属B. fragilis 脆弱类杆菌Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属Helicobacter pylory Hp 幽门螺杆菌Vacuolating cytitoxin A 空泡毒素 ACampylobacter jejuni ， C.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌 Shigella 志贺菌属Dysentery 痢疾Shiga toxin 志贺毒素Meningis
27、mus 假性脑膜炎S . dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌S .flexneri 福氏志贺菌S . Boydii 鲍氏志贺菌S . Sonnei 宋氏志贺菌Nanometer 纳米，毫微米Virus 病毒Virion 毒粒，病毒体Genome 基因组Capsid 核壳，蛋白衣壳Nucleocapsid 核壳体Envelope 包膜Capsomere 壳粒Helical symmetry 螺旋对称Cubic symmetry 立体对称Icosahedral symmetry 二十面体立体对称Complex symmetry 复合对称 Peplomere 包膜子粒Spike 刺突，突起Hemag
28、glutinin ,HA 血凝素Neuraminidase ,NA 神经氨酸酶Virus family 病毒科Virus genus 病毒属Eclipse phase 隐蔽期Logarithmic phase 对数增殖期Viral multiplication 病毒增殖Viral replication 病毒复制Singel stranded DNA,ssDNA virus 单股 DNA 病毒Doubel-stranded DNA,dsDNA virus 双股 DNA 病毒Singel-strang positive-senseRNA, ss+RNA virus 单股正链 RNA 病毒Doub
29、el-stranded negative-senseRNA, ss-RNA virus 单股负链 RNA 病毒Doubel-stranded RNA, dsRNA + RNA virus 双链 RNA 病毒Retroviruses 逆转录病毒Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Replication of viruses 病毒的复制Adsorption 吸附Adhesin 黏附素Penetration 穿入Endosome 内体Uncoating 脱壳Biosynthesis 生物合成Replicative intermediate 复制中介体Procapsid 前衣壳Asse
30、mbly 装配Maturation 成熟Release 释放Abortive infection 顿挫感染Permissive cell 容纳细胞Non-permissive cell 非容纳细胞Defective virus 缺陷病毒Helper virus 辅助病毒Interference 干扰现象Integration 整合 Interferon IFN 干扰素neutralizing antibodies 中和抗体Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies 血凝抑制抗体Mutation 突变Point mutation 点突变Deletion mutation 缺失突变Temperature sensitive mutant, ts 温度敏感突变株drug-resistant mutant 耐药突变株 Co-infection 同时感染Recombination 重组
