1、Cost-Benefit-Analysis of No-smoking Policy Instruments-Case Study of Beijing,DAI Yixin1 XUE Lan1 HU Yinglian21 School of Public Policy & Management, Tsinghua University2 Department of Social & Cultural Studies, Chinese Academy of Governance (CAG),WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) 8.
2、2,This is the responsibility clearly given by the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) to all parties which should actively take measures and reinforce effective legislation, administrative regulations within jurisdiction of courts, so as to prevent from exposure to second-hand smoke a
3、t indoor working places, public vehicles and indoor public places, as well as other pubic places at a appropriate time.,Tobacco Control Work by Chinese Government,On Nov.10, 2003, Chinese government signed the Convention officially On August 28, 2005, The Convention was adopted by Standing Committee
4、 of the 10th National Peoples Congress In recent years, under joint endeavor by different regions, relevant departments and the whole society, China strengthen its effort in tobacco control increasingly. Tobacco control theories, legislation, and policy systems have been established and improved per
5、sistently, hence guarantee a stable tobacco control status and a favorable turn.,Non-smoking Practice at Public Places in Beijing,On Dec.21, 1995, the Provision on No-smoking at Public Places in Beijing (here-in-after referred as Provision) was adopted by standing committee of the 10th Peoples Congr
6、ess of Beijing Municipality On March 24, 2008, Special Provision on No-smoking Scale of Public Places in Beijing Municipality was adopted by the 2nd meeting of standing committee by Beijing Municipal Government (here-in-after referred as Special Provision),I. Key Topic,How to assess effectiveness of
7、 no-smoking policy implementation at public places in Beijing?,II. Theory Framework,（1）Effectiveness assessment of provision implementation（2）Efficiency assessment of provision implementation（3）Application range assessment of provision implementation,Table 1 Assessment Indexes System of No-smoking E
8、fficiency at Public Places,III. Study Method,Sampling Areas2 urban districts, 2 suburban districts and 1 outer suburban districtSampling Targets（1）Public places related to tobacco control work （2）Legislation executive body（3）defined obliger by regulationSubjectsProvision and Special Provision Method
9、sCost-Benefit Analysis combined with multi-social scientific study methods including statistic analysis, expert opinion analysis First-hand data Questionnaire, including Questionnaire to obliged no-smoke institutions (n=1244), Questionnaire to the public (n=102), Questionnaire to provision applicabl
10、e instructions (n=21)Second-hand dataLiteratures home and abroad, literature of law and regulations, Beijing Social & Economic Statistics Yearbook (20052008),Figure 1 Diagram of Distribution Proportion of Sampled Institution,IV. Assessment Findings,4.1 Efficiency Assessment4.2 Effectiveness Assessme
11、nt4.3 Scope Assessment,4.1 Efficiency Assessment,Significant achievements of tobacco control Smoking prevalence among population aged 15 and above decreased to 26.9% of 2004 from 34.5% of 1997. The no-smoke prevalence at healthcare institutions, kindergartens, middle and primary schools, store, fina
12、ncial places, and post office reached 90% and above in 2008. Difficulties in tobacco control workMore than 50% restaurants and internet bars didnt set up distinct smoking area or have no idea of whether they set up smoking area or not. Only 33% obliged institutions set up obvious signs for No-smokin
13、gOnly 23.4% institutions realized complete quarantine between smoking area and no-smoking areaIn house no smoking difficulties usually concentrated at elevator room and rest rooms.,4.1 Efficiency Assessment (continued),Advocacy format adopted by obliged institutions -Compared efficiency of different
14、 advocacy formats, mass media campaigns, including no-smoking advertisement, no-smoking bulletin board, dissemination of no-smoking brochures, are of highest efficiency, while internal meeting and website propaganda of related information achieved little effects.Inspective behaviors of executive bod
15、y -restaurant is the most important and difficult places for tobacco control, in particular to restaurants of grade C and D.,Figure 2 Relationship between Expenditure and Effect of Different Advocacy Formats,Table 2 Top 5 Categories of Highest Random Inspection Frequency at Primary Level,Table 3 Top
16、 5 Institutions with Most Law Enforcement Inspectors at Primary Level,4.2 Effectiveness Assessment,Though assessment of cost of fulfilling obligations by obliged institutions, we found （1）Viewing in aspect of mean cost of all kinds of obliged institutions, the absolute value was not high. Calculated
17、 according to total sample amount, annual expenditure of each institutions was less than 10, 000 Yuan. （2） Viewing in aspect of expenditure structure, designating inspector and redecorating places accounted for the most proportion of no-smoking cost, in particular to employing part-time inspectors.
18、（3） Viewing in aspect of no-smoking expenditure of different institutions, administrative cost of complete no-smoking institutions was obviously higher than that of other institutions, while the in house no-smoking institutions of the least.,Table 4 No-smoking Cost Calculation Form of Different Obli
19、ged Institutions,Table 5 No-smoking Cost Calculation Form of Different Obliged Institutions,Cost of No-smoking Executing Body,Major funds and expenditure is supervised by Municipal Health Promotion Committees. There was distinct deficits in funds and expenditure of county level and below. The total
20、cost of executing body is far below than obliged institutions obliged cost.,Indirect Cost of Execution of Regulations,Tobacco sales revenue loss brought by smoking banTaxation loss brought by smoking banProfit loss of commercial places brought by smoking ban,Heath Benefits,Health benefits for smoker
21、s and passive smokers (namely, people who exposed to second-hand smoke) Lung cancer Cardiac diseases Respiratory diseases,Table 6 Social Health Benefits (Yuan) Brought by Smoking Ban,Economic Effectiveness Manifested by Execution of Provision,According on calculation by cost-benefit analysis, althou
22、gh Beijing Municipality expanded scope and input for execution of Provision, the derived benefits were higher than cost. The social net benefits was between 46,960,213 Yuan and162,776,294 Yuan in 2008.,4.3 Scope Assessment,Studies show that majority of Beijing citizens possess similar expectations d
23、efined by ConventionOver 50% general publics consent with contents defined by Provision, involving complete no-smoking at public places, in particular to public transportation vehicles, taxies, internet bars, and inside institutions. Over 80% above mentioned general publics are more willing to go to
24、 public places after the scope of no-smoking been enlarged to overall no-smoking. Those who is more willing to go to entertainment places were less, of 62%.,V. Main Conclusion and Policy Suggestions,Straighten out relationships between rights and obligations of each parties Adjust and arrange scope
25、and schedule of no-smoking at public places, according to assignment of rights and obligationsDevelop tools for enforcement, and improve efficiency so as to achieve the goal,Requirements for Enforcement Differ upon Different Place Categories,Figure 3 Analysis and Thoughts about Supervision Model of
26、Enforcement,Suggestions,Re-clarification of rights and obligations: explicitly inform no-smoking obligations to obliged institutions and clarify legal responsibility its borne, in accordance with different categories of public places . Supervise formulation of corresponding internal no-smoking manag
27、ement plan by obliged institutions within jurisdictional area, and inspect the implementation of no-smoking responsibility have been applied to specific staff . Adjust no-smoking schedule according to public places of different categories: allow for certain smoking rate to public places which aim at
28、 satisfying personal demands in short-term. As for these places, internal no-smoking regime should explicitly set up plan for smoking area and smoking room, and methods for examination and maintenance. Adjust enforcement ways flexibly : law enforcement agencies at primary level, such as District Off
29、ice, should examine implementation work of plan by obliged institutions within jurisdictional area. Further develop rating work of no-smoking at public places, connect no-smoking work of each institutions and public places together with sanitation inspection, and update ranks periodically according
30、to no-smoking works of obliged institutions. At the same time, advocate no-smoking ranking of each institution to the public, so as to improve public awareness of meaning of different ranking level. Places which done bad no-smoking work shall be categorized into lower sanitation grade, and shall be
31、upgraded when its no-smoking work return to normal. Commend public places which is to satisfy individual demands for their excellent work of implementing no-smoking obligations, in particular to restaurants, and establish their public image. On the other hand, launch report system, so as to carry out supervision by peer competitor and consumers.,Thank you ,
