1、Part I writing (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡 1 上Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and scanning) (15 minutes)Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that its al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense
2、 and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it/ yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it. Many now believe that something else must have changed in our environment to precipitate(促成) such dramatic rises in obesity over the past 40 years or s
3、o. Nobody is saying that the “big two” reduced physical activity and increased availability of food are not important contributors to the epidemic, but they cannot explain it all.Earlier this year a review paper by 20 obesity experts set out the 7 most plausible alternative explanations for the epid
4、emic. Here they are.1. Not enough sleepIt is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye also be helping to make us fat?Several large-scale studies suggest there may be a link. People who sleep less than 7 hours a night tend to have a higher body mass inde
5、x than people who sleep more, according to data gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses Health Study, which tracked 68,000 women for 16 years, found that those who slept an average of 5 hours a night gained more weight during the study period tha
6、n women who slept 6 hours, who in turn gained more than whose who slept 7.Its well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards. But the nurses study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss may precipitate weight gain.Although g
7、etting figures is difficult, it appears that we really are sleeping less. In 1960 people in the US slept an average of 8.5 hours per night. A 2002 poll by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7 hours, and the decline is mirrored by the increase in obesity.2. Cl
8、imate controlWe humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of whats going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our metabolic(新陈代新的) rate, shivering or sweating. Keeping warm and staying cool take energy unless we are in the
9、 “thermo-neutral zone”, which is increasingly where we choose to live and work.There is no denying that ambient temperatures(环境温度) have changed in the past few decades. Between 1970 and 2000, the average British home warmed from a chilly 13C to 18C. In the US, the changes have been at the other end
10、of the thermometer as the proportion of homes with air conditionings rose from 23% to 47% between 1978 and 1997. In the southern states where obesity rates tend to be highest the number of houses with air conditioning has shot up to 71% from 37% in 1978.Could air conditioning in summer and heating i
11、n winter really make a difference to our weight?Sadly，there is some evidence that it does-at least with regard to heating. Studies show that in comfortable temperatures we use less energy.3.Less smokingBad news: smokers really do tend to be thinner than the rest of us,and quitting really does pack o
12、n the pounds, though no one isn sure why. It probably has something to do with the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant and appears to up your metabolic rate.Katherine Flegal and colleagres at the US National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville,Maryland, have calculated that people
13、kicking the habit have been respousible for a small but significant portion of the US epidemic of fatness.From data collected aroud 1991 by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,they worked out that people who had quit in the previous decade were much more likely to be overweight t
14、han smokers and people who had never smoked .Among men, for example, nearly half of quitters were overweight compared with 37% of non-smokers and only 28%of smokers.4. Genetic effectsYours chances of becoming fat may be set,at least in part,before you were even born.children of boese mothers are muc
15、h more likely to become obest themselves later in life.Offspring of mice fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy are much more likely to become fat than the offspring of identical mice fed a normal diet. Intriguingly,the effect persists for two or three generations.Grand-children of mice fed a high-fat
16、 diet grow up fat even if their own mother is fed normally-so you fate may have been sealed even before you were conceived.5.A little olderSome groups of people just happen to be fatter than others.surveys carried out by the US national center for health statisties found that adults aged 40 to 79 we
17、re around three times as likely to be obese as younger people.non-white females also tend to fall at the fatter end of the spectreum:Mexican-american women are 30% more likely than white women to be obsess,and black women have twice the risk.In the US,these groups account for an increasing percentag
18、e of the population.between 1970 and 2000 the US population aged 35 to 44 grew by 43%.the proportion of Hispanic-americans also grew,from under 5% to 12.5% of the population,while the proportion of black Americans increased from 11% to 12.3%.these changes may account in part for the increased preval
19、ence of obesity.6.mature mumsMothers around the world are getting older.in the UK,the mean age for aving a frist child is 27.3,compared with 23.7 in 1970 .mean age at frist birth in the US has also increased, rising from 21.4 in 1970 to 24.9 in 2000.This would be neither here nor there if it weret f
20、or the observation that having an older mother seems to be an independent risk factor for obesity. Results from the US national heart,lung and blood institutes study found that the odds of a child being obese increase 14% for every five extra years of their mothers age , though why this should be so
21、 is not entirely clear.Michael Symonds at the university of Nottingham,UK,found that first-bron children have more fat than younger ones. As family size decreases, firstbrons account for a greather share of the population. In 1964, british women gave birth to an average of 2.95 children;by 2005 that
22、 figure had fallen to 1.79. in the US in 1976, 9.6% of woman in their 40s had only one chile;in 2004 it was 17.4%. this combination of older mothers and more single children could be contributing to the obesity epidemic.7.Like marrying likeJust as people pair off according to looks, so they do for s
23、ize. Lean people are more likely to marry lean an d fat more likely to marry fat. On its own, like marrying like cannot account for any increase in obesity. But combined with others- particularly the fact that obesity is partly genetic, and that heavier people have more children-it amplifies the inc
24、rease form other causes.1. A)effects of obesity on peoples healthB)the link between lifestyle an obesityC)New explanations for the obesity epidemicD)possible ways to combat the obesity epidemic2. A)gained the least weightB)were inclined to eat lessC)found their vigor enhanced D)were less susceptible
25、 to illness3. A)it makes us sleepyB)it causes sleep lossC)it increases our appetiteD)it results from lack of sleep4. A)it makes us stay indoors moreB)it accelerates our metabolic rateC)it makes us feel more energeticD)it contributes to our weight gain5. A)it threatens their healthB)it heightens thei
26、r spiritsC)it suppresses their appetiteD)it slows down their metabolism6. A)heavy smokersB)passive smokersC)those who never smokeD)those who quit smoking7. A)the growing number of smokers among young peopleB)the rising proportion of minorities in its populationC)the increasing consumption of high-ca
27、lorie foodsD)the improving living standards of the poor people8.according to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers children tend to be obese remains not entirely clear9.According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease o
28、f family size10 when two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is party genetizPart IIISection A11. A)He is quite easy to recognizeB)he is an outstanding speakerC)he looks like a movie starD)he looks young for his age12. A)consult her dancing teach
29、erB)take a more interesting classC)continue her dancing classD)improve her dancing skills13. A)the man did not believe what the woman saidB)the man accompanied the woman to the hospitalC)the woman may be suffering from repetitive strain injuryD)the woman may not followed the doctors instructions14.
30、A)they are not in style any moreB)they have cost him far too muchC)they no longer suit his eyesightD)they should be cleaned regularly15. A)he spilled his drink onto the floorB)he has just finished wiping the floorC)he was caught in a shower on his way homeD)he rushed out of the bath to answer the ph
31、one16. A)fixing some furnitureB)repairing the toy trainC)reading the instructionsD)assembling the bookcase17. A)urge Jenny to spend more time on studyB)help Jenny to prepare for the coming examsC)act towards Jenny in a more sensible wayD)send Jenny to a volleyball training center18. A)The building o
32、f the dam needs a large budgetB)the proposed site is near the residential areaC)the local people fel insecure about the damD)the dam poses a threat to the local environmentQuestion19 to21 are based on the conversation you have just heard 19 A. It saw the end of its booming years worldwide B. Its pro
33、duction and sales reached record levels.C. It became popular in some foreign countriesD. Its domestic market started to shrink rapidly.20. A. They cost less. C. They were in fashion.B. They tasted better. D. They were widely advertised.21. A. It is sure to fluctuate . C. It will remain basically sta
34、ble.B. It is bound to revive. D. It will see no more monopoly 22. A. Organising protests C. Acting as its spokesman.B. Recruiting members D. Saving endangered animals.23. A. Anti-animal-abuse demonstrations B. Anti-nuclear campaignsC. Surveying the Atlantic Ocean floor D. Removing industrial waste.2
35、4. A. By harassing them. C. By taking legal action.B. By appealing to the public D. By resorting to force.25. A. Doubtful C. Indifferent .B. Reserved D. Supportive 26. A, The air becomes still. C. The clouds block the sun.B. The air pressure is low. D. The sky appears brighter.27. A. Ancient people
36、were better at foretelling the weather.B. Sailorssaying about the weather are unreliable.C. People knew long ago how to predict the weather.D. It was easiter to forecast the weather in the old days.28 A. Weather forecast is getting more accurate today.B. People can predict the weather by their sense
37、sC. Who are the real esperts in weather forecast .D. Weather changes affect peoples life remarkably29. A. They often feel insecure about their jobs.B. They are unable to decide what to do first .C. They are feel burdened with numerous tasks every day.D they feel burdened with numerous tasks every da
38、y30 A. Analyze them rationally. C. Turn to others for help.B. Draw a detailed to-do list . D. Handle them one by one .31. A. They have accomplished little . C. They have worked out a way to relax.B. They feel utterly exhausted . D. They no longer feel any sense of guilt.32. A. Their performance may
39、improve.B. Their immune system may be reinforced C. Their blood pressure may rise all of a sudden.D. Their physical development may be enhanced.33. A. Improved mental functioning C. Speeding up of blood circulationB. Increased susceptibility to disease D. Reduction of stress-related hormones34. A. P
40、retend to be in better shape. C. Turn more often to friends for help B. Have more physical exercise . D. Pay more attention to bodily sensations.35. A. Different approaches to coping with stress.B. Various causes for serious health problems.C. The relationship between stress and illness.D. New findi
41、ng of medical research on stress.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in
42、Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nikes president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd-richest man in the world in 2004. But Nike has not always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.In the late
43、1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After a
44、ttending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the companys officials of the p
45、otential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.In 1964, Knight and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets.
46、 The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. In its early years the organization operated in an
47、 unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting syste
48、ms, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowermans teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes.47. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes
49、 that were lighter and more shock-absorbent.48. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have potentials in the U.S.49. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of established athletic footwear in North America. 50. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out informally.51. What qualities of Bowermans teams formed the basis of
