1、拉丁铭文与罗马史研究,中国社科院世界史所刘津瑜2011年10月13日,所谓”辅助”学科auxiliary disciplines,Epigraphy铭文学Numismatics钱币学Papyrology纸草学,国际拉丁希腊铭文组织,AIEGL： The Association Internationale dpigraphie Grecque et Latine（国际希腊与拉丁铭文学会）BES： British Epigraphy Society （英国铭文学会）ASGLE：American Society of Greek and Latin Epigraphy (美国希腊与拉丁铭文学会),
2、石材（大理石marble，沙石sandstone，等等）金属（铜、银、铅等）蜡板文书木板文书,墙上“涂鸦”（graffiti）,木板文书,Tab. Vindol.=Vindolanda Tablets (出土于北英格兰的罗马要塞遗址。文字为拉丁文。The Vindolanda writing tablets, excavated from the Roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England, inform us of the garrison life as well as the kind of Latin that was used in da
3、ily transaction. The online edition is available at http:/vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/),1 x K(alendas) Iulias 2 coh(ortis) vii3 traces,铭文的类型Legal documents (律法）Epitaphs （墓碑）Dedications Honorific inscriptions （颂碑）Votive inscriptions （许愿、还愿碑）Building inscriptionsCorrespondence （通信）,Aquileia (Northern Ita
4、ly), National Museum,较早的铭文收集和研究,-古物学家/博学家（Antiquarians）的贡献。-造假、篡改风行Pirro Ligorio （15131583年）F. F. Abbott, “Some Spurious Inscriptions and Their Authors,” CPh 3 (1908): 22-30;G. Vagenheim, “Pirro Ligorio e le false iscrizioni della collezione di antichit del cardinale Roldolfo Pio di Carpi,” Alberto
5、III e Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, collezionisti e mecenati, Udine, 2004: 109-21.,15461547年，罗马执政官年表（Fasti consulares）在罗马出土，共有30块大理石残片。（1893年又有7个残片出土。） 意大利学者Carolo Sigonio (约1524-1584) 不但整理出了铭文，并将年表和李维的编年叙述相对照，为建立罗马史年代学奠定了基础。 但也制造了一些麻烦，特别是改写李维。,米开朗基罗的展览版本：罗马卡皮托林博物馆原刻于the Arch of Augustus （有非常多的奥古斯都时代重建历史的印记
6、）,入门读物Introductory readings:,Bodel, J., ed. 2001. Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient history from inscriptions. London and New York: Routledge; (This book is a collection of essays with a focus on the interpretations of the epigraphic materials.)Gordon, A. E. 1964. Album of Dated Latin Inscriptions. 4 vol
7、s. Berkeley. (The high- quality images are good for studying lettering. At least 15 original pictures are in the Epigraphical Center, OSU.)Gordon, A. E. 1983. An Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. Berkeley: University of California Press; Keppie, L. 1991. Understanding Roman Inscriptions.
8、Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. Limentani, I. C. 1991 (4th ed.) Epigrafia Latina. Cisalpino. Paasch Almar, K. 1990. Inscriptiones Latinae. Eine illustrierte Einfhrung in die lateinische Epigraphik. Odense; (A lot of images. Both Limentani and Almar are “How to” books.),最重要的检索工具和铭文书目大全Franois Brard et al.,
9、 Guide de lpigraphiste. Bibliographie choisie des pigraphies antiques et mdivales. Troisime dition entirement refondue. Paris: ditions Rue dUlm / Presses de lcole Normale Suprieure, 2000. ISBN 2-7288-0254-8. (See the review by John Ma, http:/ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2001/2001-03-08.html)（拉丁）铭文年鉴AE =
10、LAnne pigraphique. Paris 1888始。目前已出到2008年（卷）. 希腊铭文集成SEG（年鉴性质）入门资料汇集（网络资源）Onno van Nijf has an excellent website for starters: http:/odur.let.rug.nl/vannijf/epigraphy1.htm#_Toc492186585,“Mireille CORBIER, director of LAnne pigraphique (Paris), announcesthat LAnne pigraphique 2008 (containing 1,770 en
11、tries and 960 pages,including 210 pages of index) was published in August, 2011, and is nowavailable. Orders should be sent to Presses Universitaires de France at ”,重要的铭文合集Select publications of Latin inscriptions and essential corpora:,拉丁铭文大全CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. ed. Th. Mommsen, et
12、. al., Berlin 1863 -. (No image. Organized by geography.)拉丁铭文选ILS = Dessau, H. 1892-1916. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin: Weidmann, repr. 1979, Chicago: Ares. 古罗马铭文字典DizEpigr =de Ruggiero, E. 1886-. Dizionario epigrafico di antichit romane.,专题性铭文合集Select Thematic corpora,前查士丁尼法律文件FIRA= S. Ri
13、ccobono and V. Arangio Ruiz (eds). Fontes iuris romani anteiustiniani (legal documents; somewhat out-dated but still quite useful)拉丁铭文诗集CLE=carmina Latina epigraphica (verse inscriptions)罗马军事证书RMD=Roman Military Diplomas (主要是退伍证书。已出5卷),罗马城基督教铭文ICUR= Angelo SILVAGNI and Antonio FERRUA. Inscriptiones
14、Christianae Urbis Romae. Nova Series. Vols. 1-9. Rome 1922-1985. (Select squeezes are available at the Epigraphical Center, OSU)ILCV=E. Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae Christinae Veteres. Berlin (1925-1931). (Select squeezes are available at the Epigraphical Center, OSU)犹太铭文集成,地区性铭文合集Select Regional co
15、rpora (with images!):,意大利铭文InscrIt = Inscriptiones Italiae. Rome 1931 -. 意大利铭文增补集SupplIt= Supplementa Italica, Nuova serie. Rome, 1981 -罗马达西亚铭文IDR= Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae (今罗马尼亚)罗马不列颠铭文RIB= R.G. Collingwood (et al.) The Roman inscriptions of Britain, Oxford, 1965-. 匈牙利罗马铭文RIU= Die rmischen Ins
16、chriften Ungarns, Budapest 1972-,与铭文有关的重要期刊Periodicals:,铭文Epigraphica: with an emphasis on Latin inscriptions. 纸草学与铭文学学刊ZPE: =Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Many articles are available at http:/www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/index.html命运Tyche: similar to ZPE, but contains also book re
17、views.罗马研究JRS=Journal of Roman Studies. Not an epigraphic periodical, but provides expertise survey of new finds and new directions in Roman epigraphy every 5 years or so(e.g. JRS 83: 131-155; JRS 87: 203-240).,Lupa: http:/www.ubi-erat-lupa.org/ (Sponsored by the EU Program called “Culture 2000 mult
18、iannual cooperation agreements in the field of cultural heritage, this web platform is a new growing treasure house of provincial inscriptions, searchable and featuring a lot of images and detailed publication information.)EDH=Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg: http:/www.uniheidelberg.de/institute/
19、sonst/adw/edh/index.html.en (One of the greatest features of EDH is that it highlights the search word(s) in the texts.)EDR=EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE ROMA (EDH cross-references to EDR.) http:/www.edr-edr.it/index_it.htmlEDCS=Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby http:/oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/e
20、pigraphik_en (Very efficient!)PHI 主要是希腊铭文。也有少量拉丁铭文.Other electronic resources can be accessed via the homepage of OSUs Epigraphic and Paleographic Center http:/omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/epigraphy/ as well as the American Society of Greek and Latin Epigraphy (ASGLE) website: http:/www.case.edu/arts
21、ci/clsc/asgle/newlinks/ref.html#site84,使用铭文作为史料时应注意的问题断代难Dates: an overwhelming majority of the inscriptions are not dated;时间上分布不均The fluctuations of epigraphic production;“偏见”The epigraphic bias铭文通常是纪念碑或建筑的组成部分之一Inscriptions as monuments and means of communication, self-representation破损Many inscrip
22、tions are damaged,关于”铭文习惯“的讨论 Discussions on the “Epigraphic habit”:,Mrozek, S. 1973. A propos de la rpartition chronologique des inscriptions latines dans le Haut-Empire. Epigraphica 35: 113-18.MacMullen, R. 1982. “The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire.” AJPh 103: 23346.Mann, J. C. 1985. “Epigra
23、phic Consciousness.” JRS 75.Meyer, E. A. 1990. “Explaining the Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Epitaphs.” JRS 80.Woolf, G. 1996. “Monumental Writing and the Expansion of Roman Society in the Early Empire.” JRS 86. Henrik Mouritsen,残缺铭文的修复、断代、缩略语的解读等等CIL III.11042=RIU II.503 (Br
24、igetio, Pannonia superior; 220 AD)Meeting place (schola) of the collegium purchased by the money given by Q. Ulpius Felix, prefect (?) of the collegium centonariorum, while he was alive,CIL X. 797= ILS 5004 = AE 2000, 243,Sp(urius) Turranius L(uci) f(ilius) Sp(uri) n(epos) L(uci) pron(epos) Fab(ia)
25、/ Proculus Gellianus praef(ectus) fabr(um) II praif(ectus!) curatorum alvei / Tiberis praif(ectus!) pro pr(aetore) i(ure) d(icundo) in urbe Lavinio / pater patratus populi Laurentis foederis / ex libris Sibullinis(!) percutiendi cum p(opulo) R(omano) / sacrorum principiorum p(opuli) R(omani) Quirit(
26、ium) nominis/que Latini quai(!) apud Laurentis coluntur flam(en) / Dialis flam(en) Martial(is) salius praisul(!) augur pont(ifex) / praif(ectus!) cohort(is) Gaitul(orum!) tr(ibunus) mil(itum) leg(ionis) X / loc(us) d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum),AE 1982, 83=HD001327=EDR078407, RomeD M-LIAE LACAENAE-
27、 IUL FLORENTINUSCONIUGI INCOMPARABILISADFECTUS CUM QUA VIXIT SINEULLO IURGIO ANN XXIII MENS VDIEB X ITEM C IUL FLOSCULUS MATRIIN EXEMPLUM PIISSIMAE FECERUNTET SIBI SUISQ LIBERTIS LIBERTABUSQPOSTERISQ EORUMSEPULTA V K SEPT LAELIANO ET PASTORE COS,Expanded:D(is) M(anibus) / Iuliae Lacaenae / 1 Iul(ius
28、) Florentinus / coniugi incomparabilis / adfectus cum qua vixit sine / ullo iurgio ann(is) XXIII mens(ibus) V dieb(us) X / item C(aius) Iul(ius) Flosculus matri / in exemplum piissimae fecerunt / et sibi suisq(ue) libertis libertabusq(ue) / posterisq(ue) eorum / sepulta V K(alendas) Sept(embres) Lae
29、liano et Pastore co(n)s(ulibus) (163 CE),作为史料的价值,补充文学史料的不足提供社会下层以及地方上的角度姓名学、人口学的宝贵资源拉丁语言和希腊语日常语法、习惯表达法、民间用法的宝贵资源等等,if all the Roman historians had perished and only the inscriptions remained we should have a very different picture of the Roman Empire, a picture much brighter and, I think, much more
30、faithful to truth. J.C. Stobart, The Grandeur That Was Rome（罗马的荣光）,图里娅赞Laudatio Turiae,坚强虔敬能干贤淑与夫患难与共,Augustus Mausoleum (Artstor),Augustus Mausoleum (photo taken in Summer, 2002),Res Gestae divi Augusti,Monumentum Ancyranum,Senatus consultum de Piso patre （AD 20）,对老皮索的处置：-不得哀悼老皮索-其蜡像不得出现（imagines）-
31、名字从铭文中去除-财产没收（一半由皇帝赐于长子，长子必须更换前名（Praenomen）Gnaeus-皮索次子、妻女不受牵连,记忆抹煞memory sanction,除名毁誉 damnatio memoriae,City laws from Spain,Lex Irnitana (Flavian Dynasty),Local Identities and Empire: the case of Roman Patavium,Patavium,Patavium (modern Padua, Padova),N CCXXV A(ulus) Publicius Felix v(otum) s(olvi
32、t) l(ibens) m(erito) (Not. Sc. 1926, p.352; now in Musei Civici di Padova ),CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M(arcus) Iunius Sabinus IIIIvir aediliciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi centonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pecunia sua ornavit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N.
33、CCXXXXII.(Musei Civici di Padova),CIL V 2943 Pancieras restoration (Panciera 2003: 191):B(onae) m(emoriae) / Domitiae Atilianae coniugi / karissimae quae vixit / ann(os) XLVII m(enses) VIII d(ies) XII / Fl(avius) Laetus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) et sibi / N(-) CCCCXXVIII. Alternative restoration : B(en
34、e) m(erenti)/ Domitiae Atiliane coniuci/ karissimae quae vixit/ ann(is) XLVII m(ensibus) VIII d(iebus) XII/ Fl(avius) Laetus v(ivus) p(osuit) et sibi/ N(umero or nostro anno) CCCC XXVIII.,ILS 5650 Clau(dius) Rogatus? in theatro manu sua deiecit. To the left of this NCCC.,Musei Civici di Padova,CIL V
35、.415=Museo Maffeiano,Inv. n. 443,CIL V 2787,Museo Maffeiano, Verona,Q Magurius Q f Fab Ferox lus(it or or) epidixib(us) et cetas(tis) I II III in greg(e) Veturian(a) quae et iuni-orum. A(quis) A(poni) dicavit euras VIII et petric(am or as) uncinor(um) XII. N CCL IX.,CIL V 2787,CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M
36、(arcus) Iunius Sabinus IIIIvir aediliciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi centonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pecunia sua ornavit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N. CCXXXXII.(Musei Civici di Padova),Cuicul,The old forum of Cuicul (now Djemila, Algeria) Based on:
37、Zimmer, Gerhard, and Gabriele Wesch-Klein. 1989. Locus datus decreto decurionum: zur Statuenaufstellung zweier Forumsanlagen im romischen Afrika. Munchen: 18.,Curia,Bascilica,The market place,Capitol,Blue: 3rd centuryPink: 2nd century,No. 11 : To Herculis; ob honorem pontificatus; 4,400 sesterces; l
38、ater 2nd century (?),No. 10: Dedication to Victoria Augusta; ob honorem auguratus; 9,000 (?) sesterces; later 2nd c. (?),No. 9: Dedication to Concordia Augustorum; ob honorem aedilitatis; 4,000 sesterces; 166-169,No. 8: statue of Gargilia Marciana, benefactress; 225,No. 7: Fortuna Redux; 205,No. 6:
39、To Genius Populi, ob honorem auguratus; 21,000 sesterces; 2nd century? Same dedicator as no. 4,No. 5: To Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, 215-6,No. 4: To Genius Senatus, ob honorem auguratus; 21,000 sesterces; 2nd century?,Capitol,No 3: Ordo to Constantius; 300-9,No. 2: Pietas of Antoninus Pius; 156/7,No 1
40、: Diocletian; 287,Southeast corner of the forum,No. 26: to Iuppiter Omnipotens; ob honorem auguratus; 5,000 sesterces; 182,No. 17: Ordo to governor, city patron; 268-320,No. 16: to Divus Gordianus; after 244,No. 15: Genius senatus; ob honorem aedilitatis; 2,000 sesterces,No. 12: To Genius populi, ob
41、 honorem pontificatus; 6,000 sesterces; 2nd-3rd century (?),Center of the forum, Cuicul,No. 18: The ordo to Constantius Invictus, 305-6 or 337-61,No. 24: The ordo to Julian, 361-3,No. 19: the name of the emperor was erased; 3rd or 4th century,No. 20: inscription badly effaced,No. 21: The ordo to Cae
42、sar Constantius, 293-305 or 324-37,No. 22: M. Tullius Pudens (local aedile) to Divus Commodus, 202-3,No. 23: governor of Numidia to Maximian, 286,No. 25: The decuriones (?) to Caesar Constantius, 293-305 or 324-337,No. 45: To C. Iulius Verus Maximus, son of Maximinus Thrax, terminus ante quam, 238,The inscription is not extant.,
