1、济南大学毕业论文1ENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSANDCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATION10INTRODUCTIONASALINGUISTICPHENOMENON,EUPHEMISMEXISTSINALLKINDSOFLANGUAGESITISWIDELYUSEDBYALLWALKSOFLIFEEVERYONEOFUSWILLADOPTITINOURDAILYCOMMUNICATIONMOREORLESSBESIDETHEFAMILIARLINGUISTICROLE,ITISALSOACULTURALANDSOCIALPHENOMENONTHATIST
2、OSAY,EUPHEMISMISAREFLECTIONOFTHESOCIALCULTUREINTHELANGUAGELONGTERMSINCEITSPRODUCTION,ITHASPENETRATEDINALLASPECTSOFPEOPLESLIFEINCLUDINGTHEMOSTGENERALONESANDTHECOMPLICATEDANDSERIOUSONESITPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEINTERPERSONALCOMMUNICATIONEUPHEMISMCANMAKETHECOMMUNICATIONMOREPOLITEANDMOREEFFICIENT,ASARE
3、SULT,TOACHIEVESOMEPOSITIVEEFFECTS,SELFESTEEMMAINTENANCE,MENTALITYBALANCE,ASWELLASCONFLICTSANDMISUNDERSTANDINGELIMINATIONINCLUDEDINTHEPROGRESSOFINTERPERSONALCOMMUNICATION,EUPHEMISMHASALREADYBECOMEAKINDOFESSENTIALLUBRICANTTOMAKETHEUNPLEASANTANDEMBARRASSEDTHINGSACCEPTED,ANDCHANGEPEOPLESLIFEMOREWIT,RELA
4、XEDANDHUMOROUSTOSOMEEXTENT,EUPHEMISMISLIKEAMIRROROFSOCIALPSYCHOLOGYREFLECTINGAPROFILEOFSOCIALCULTURALPHENOMENONLINGUISTSLIKEHUGHRAWSON1981,LEECH1985,NEAMANSLIVER1983,AYTO1993,LIUCHUNBAO1990ANDZHONGGONGGUI1996STARTEDTHEIRSTUDYOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSINTHEIRRESPECTIVEFIELDVERYEARLYTHEYCARRIEDOUTC
5、OLLECTIONANDCLASSIFICATIONOFEUPHEMISMSANDCOMPILEDDICTIONARIESOFEUPHEMISMSTHEIRRESEARCHMAINLYFOCUSEDONTHEFIELDSOFDICTIONARYCOMPILATION,RHETORIC,ANDSEMANTICSHOWEVER,EUPHEMISMNOTONLYFALLSINTOTHECATEGORYOFRHETORIC,BUTALSOSOMEOTHERDISCIPLINESSUCHASSOCIOLINGUISTICS,PSYCHOLINGUISTICS,ANDPHILOSOPHYTHESTUDYO
6、FENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSMEANSALOTTOBOTHTHEORYANDPRACTICEONTHEBASISOFTHEKNOWLEDGEOFSIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMS,ACONTRASTIVESTUDYISMADEINTHISPAPERTHISTHESISISDIVIDEDINTOSIXCHAPTERSINCHAPTERONE,ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHEIMPORTANCEOFEUPHEMISMINCOMMUNICATIONAND济南大学毕业论文2PREVI
7、OUSSTUDYOFEUPHEMISMISGIVENCHAPTERTWOMAINLYFOCUSESONSOMEGENERALUNDERSTANDINGSOFEUPHEMISMCHAPTERTHREEANDFOUR,ACONTRASTIVESTUDYISMADEBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMREVEALINGTHEIRSIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESINCHAPTERFIVETHEFUNCTIONSOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONISDISCUSSEDINTH
8、ELASTPART,CHAPTERSIXCONCLUDESTHEPAPER20GENERALUNDERSTANDINGOFEUPHEMISMS21THEORIGINOFEUPHEMISMTHEENGLISHWORD“EUPHEMISM”ORIGINATESFROMGREEKTHEPREFIX“EU”MEANSGOODTHEMEANINGOFTHE“STEM”ISSPEECHTHEN,THEPLUSOFTHEMEANINGOFTHESETWOPARTSMAKESTHELITERALLYMEANINGOFTHEWORDWHICHIS“WORDSOFGOODOMEN”OR“GOODSPEECH”SO
9、MEPEOPLECALLTHEEUPHEMISMSASTHEFIGLEAFOFLANGUAGESTHEFACTISTHAT,INANCIENTGREEK,PEOPLEGENERALLYSPOKEWORDSOFOMENWHICHAREACTUALLYEUPHEMISMS,DURINGASACRIFICEFORINSTANCE,THEERINIYESWHOWEARBLACKROBESWITHAWHIP,SWORDANDTORCHINTHEIRHANDSRESPECTIVELYAREUSUALLYTITLEDWITHAGOODNAME,THEKINDLYONESORTHEEUMENIDESTHERE
10、ASONLIESINTHATPEOPLEBELIEVEDTHATGIVENAGOODNAMECOULDCALMTHOSETHREEFEROCIOUSDEMONSMOREORLESS,ORATLEASTCOULDAVOIDTHEIRATTENTIONACTUALLY,ALLDIVINENOMATTERGOODOREVILCOULDNOTBEADDRESSEDDISRESPECTFULLYBYNAMEATTHATTIME,BECAUSETHENAMEOFTHEDIVINEISTHEEMBODIMENTOFTHEDIVINEONCEBEINGCALLED,THEYCOULDSHOWOUTIMMEDI
11、ATELYANDFACINGTHEDIVINEISVERYIMPORTANTEVENNAMESOFPLACESLIKETHEBLACKSEAWEREGENERALLYNOTREFERREDTODIRECTLY,INSTEADTOUSETHEGOODNAMETHEEUXINEORTHEFRIENDLYSEAINORDERTOAVOIDTHEGREATCALAMITYWHILEVOYAGEANCIENTPEOPLESPUZZLETOWARDSTHEGREATPOWEROFNATURELEDTOTHEIRREVERENCEANDWORSHIPWHICHISACTUALLYTHEORIGINOFREL
12、IGIOUSANDEUPHEMISMTHEGREEKCULTUREWASWIDELYSPREADTOALLEUROPEANANDAMERICACOUNTRIESLATTERLYASTHETIMEWENTANDTHESOCIETYDEVELOPED,FACTORSAPARTFROMTHERELIGIOUSREASONS,SUCHASTHEETHNICALNORMS,THEFEDERALPRIVILEGE,FEELINGSOFLIKESANDDISLIKES,COMMUNICATIVENEEDS,ANDPREFERENCETOTHEELEGANTINSTEADOFTHEVULGARHAVECHAN
13、GEDTHECONTENTOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMGREATLYMOSTOFTHEEUPHEMISMSINENGLISHORIGINATEFROMTHEBIBLEANDINBOTHGEOFFERY济南大学毕业论文3CHAUCERSTHECANTERBURYTALESANDSHAKESPEARESDRAMASANDPOEMSALARGENUMBEROFEUPHEMISMSAREUSEDINBRITAIN,THEUSEOFEUPHEMISMCANATLEASTBETRACEDBACKTO11THCENTURYATTHATTIME,THEDISTINCTIONBETWEENGENTEEL
14、VOCABULARYANDOBSCENEVOCABULARYISMADEANDTHEGENTEELVOCABULARYISACTUALLYTHEPRECURSOROFTHEEUPHEMISMTHECHINESEPEOPLEHAVEALWAYSATTACHEDGREATIMPORTANCETOTHESPEECHMORALITYASEARLYASINTHESPRINGANDAUTUMNPERIOD,CONFUCIUSASSERTEDAPROPOSALWHICHINCHINESEIS“非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动”ANDASISRECORDEDINRITEQULI,“入境而问禁,入国而问俗
15、,入门而问讳”THESOCALLED“问禁”AND“避讳”ARETHEWORDSPEOPLEUSEDTOSUBSTITUTE,THEMETAPHORPEOPLEUSEDTOIMPLYANDTHEINDIRECTEXPRESSIONSPEOPLEUSEDTOHINTWHENTHEYHADTOSAYTHETABOOTHINGSTHESENICE,SUBSTITUTIVE,SUGGESTIVEWORDSAREEUPHEMISMSFROMWHATHAVEBEENSAIDABOVE,WECANSEETHATTHEEXPRESSIVEMEANINGSOFEUPHEMISMSGRADUALLYDEVELOP
16、EDBEFORETHEOCCURRENCETHELITERATUREEUPHEMISMISAKINDOFVERYCOMMONSOCIALPHENOMENONWHICHDEVELOPSSYNCHRONOUSLYWITHTHEHUMANSOCIETYCIVILIZATION22DEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISMEUPHEMISMCANALSOBECALLEDPERIPHRASISWHICHEXISTSINALLKINDSOFLANGUAGESINTHEWORLDTHELITERALMEANINGOFEUPHEMISMISUSINGOFPLEASANT,MILDORINDIRECTWORDS
17、ORPHRASESINPLACEOFMOREACCURATEORDIRECTONESITSBASICFEATUREISTOUSEABSTRACTAMBIGUOUSCONCEPTSORFIGURATIVEORCOMMENDATORYSKILLSTOMAKEBOTHSIDESOFTHECONVERSATIONADOPTAKINDOFINDIRECTWAYTOTALKABOUTTHETHINGSWHICHSHOULDNOTBESPOKESTRAIGHTLYANDPEOPLEDONTNEEDTOFEELEMBARRASSEDWHENTHEYDISCUSSTHESETHINGSTHEAMERICANFA
18、MOUSWRITERHLMENCKENREGARDSEUPHEMISMSAS“GILDEDWORDS”,WHILESTEFANKANFERTAKESTHEMAS“COSMETICWORDS”BOTHOFTHEMMAKEANEXACTLYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEIMPLICATIONANDFUNCTIONOFEUPHEMISMSUNDOUBTEDLYTHOUGHRESEARCHERSHAVECARRIEDOUTRESEARCHESONEUPHEMISMFORALONGTIME,THEDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISMVARIESFROMBOOKTOBOOKANDNOAGREEME
19、NTHASBEENREACHEDHEREARESOMEINFLUENTIALDEFINITIONSTHEUSEOFAWORDORPHRASETHATISLESSEXPRESSIVEORDIRECTBUTCONSIDEREDLESSDISTASTEFUL,LESSOFFENSIVE,ETCTHANANOTHERAWORDORPHRASESOSUBSTITUTEDEXREMAINS济南大学毕业论文4FORCORPSEWEBSTERSNEWWORLDCOLLEGEDICTIONARY,2010THEACTORANEXAMPLEOFSUBSTITUTINGAMILD,INDIRECT,ORVAGUET
20、ERMFORONECONSIDEREDHARSH,BLUNT,OROFFENSIVETHEAMERICANHERITAGEDICTIONARYOFTHEENGLISHLANAGUAGE,2010APOLITE,TACTFUL,ORLESSEXPLICITTERMUSEDTOAVOIDTHEDIRECTNAMINGOFANUNPLEASANT,PAINFUL,ORFRIGHTENINGREALITYWEBSTERSTHIRDNEWINTERNATIONALDICTIONARY,1961THESUBSTITUTIONOFAMILD,INDIRECT,ORVAGUEEXPRESSIONFORONET
21、HOUGHTTOBEOFFENSIVE,HARSHORBLUNTTHERANDOMHOUSECOLLEGEDICTIONARY,1979MILDORVAGUEPERIPHRASTICEXPRESSIONASASUBSTITUTEFORBLUNTPRECISIONOFDISAGREEABLETRUTHFAIROFSPEECHTHEUSESOFEUPHEMISM,1985APOLITEWORDOREXPRESSIONTHATYOUUSEINSTEADOFAMOREDIRECTONETOAVOIDSHOCKINGORUPSETTINGSOMEONELONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMP
22、ORARYENGLISH1995EDITIONUSEOFPLEASANT,MILDORINDIRECTWORDSORPHRASESINPLACEOFMOREACCURATEORDIRECTONESOXFORDADVANCEDLEANERSENGLISHCHINESEDICTIONARY,FOURTHEDITION,1993THOUGHLOTSOFDEFINITIONSAREMADE,THEYSHARESOMEPOINTSEUPHEMISMISAKINDOFDELIBERATELYROUNDABOUTIMPLICITRATHERTHANDECLARATIVEEXPRESSIONINSHORT,E
23、UPHEMISMSAREGOODWORDSWHICHMAKETHELISTENERSHAPPYITISAKINDOFPOLITEANDDECENTEXPRESSIONPEOPLEUSEWHENTHEYTALKABOUTTHOSEUNPLEASANTOREMBARRASSEDTHINGSINHUMANLANGUAGEUSINGPROCESS30SIMILARITIESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMS31CULTURALSIMILARITIES济南大学毕业论文5311INTERMSOFFORMATIONTHEREAREMANYWAYSTOCONSTITUTEEN
24、GLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMSTHEMAINLYWAYINWHICHTHESETWOLANGUAGESEXPRESSTHEIREUPHEMISTICMEANINGARERHETORICDEVICESGRAMMATICALDEVICESVOCABULARYDEVICESPRAGMATICDEVICESANDSOONRHETORICDEVICESWAYSINWHICHEUPHEMISMSAREREALIZEDBYFIGURESOFSPEECHSUCHASMETAPHOR,ANALOGY,UNDERSTATEMENT,PERIPHRASISANDMETONYMYFOREXAMPL
25、E,THEREAREMANYEUPHEMISMSOFDEATHWHICHAREACHIEVEDBYMETAPHORS,SUCHAS“TOGOTOHEAVEN”“TOBECALLEDTOGOD”“GOTOMEETONESMAKER”INENGLISHAND“回家了”“去见马克思了”“永远的睡了”INCHINESEEUPHEMISMSTHATACHIEVEDBYUNDERSTATEMENTAREUSUALLYUSEDTOREFERTOTHETHIEFANDTOMAKEAJUDGMENTOFONESAPPEARANCE,SUCHAS“TOTAKEONESTHINGSASOWNWITHOUTPERMI
26、TTING”AND“PLAIN”INSTEADOF“THIEF”AND“UGLY”INENGLISHAND“三只手”AND“长相很委婉”INCHINESEGRAMMATICALDEVICESTHEGRAMMATICALDEVICEWHICHISUSEDMOSTLYOFTENISNEGATIONFOREXAMPLE,TOUSETHESENTENCE“IDONTTHINKSHEISKIND”TOSUBSTITUTETHESENTENCE“ITHINKTHATSHEISCRUEL”ISMORETACTFULINCHINESE,“愚蠢的”CANBEREPLACEDBY“不聪明”VOCABULARYDE
27、VICESTOUSEVAGUEWORDSAREONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODSINSTANCESOFUSINGVAGUEWORDSARESHOWEDFOLLOWINGTHEPHRASE“SUBSTANDARDHOUSING”ISUSEDTOSUBSTITUTE“SLUM”THEWORD“AFFAIR”ISUSEDTOREPLACE“SEXSCANDAL”INCHINESE,“处境困难”“囊中羞涩”AREUSEDTOREPLACELACKOFMONEY312INTERMSOFSCOPEOFUSETHESCOPEOFUSEOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMI
28、SVERYWIDETHEUSEOFEUPHEMISMISMAINLYRELATEDTOTABOOTABOOCONSISTSOFCULTURALTABOOANDUNIVERSALTABOOTABOOVARIESFROMITSSOCIALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDEUPHEMISMSTHATSUBSTITUTETABOOSAREMAINLYUSEDINFIELDSLIKEBIRTH,DEATH,ILLNESSANDOLDAGESEXEXCRETIONPOVERTYOCCUPATIONPOLITICSETCHEREBIRTHMAINLYREFERSTOPERSONSAPPEARANC
29、E,FIGURE,ANDSOMEPHYSICALDEFECTSFOREXAMPLE,TRANSFER“UGLY”TO“HOMELY”OR“PLAIN”“FAT”TO“WEIGHTWATCHER”“PLUMY”AND“STOUT”“SKINNY”TO“SLENDER”“WILLOWY”“LEAN”INWESTERNCOUNTRIES,PEOPLEGENERALLYPREFERLIVINGALONEINSTEADOFLIVINGWITHTHEIRKIDSIFTHEYARECALLEDOLD,ITMEANSTHATTHEDEATHISONTHEWAYSOTHEYAVOIDTOTALKABOUTTHE
30、IRAGESANDLOTSOF济南大学毕业论文6EUPHEMISMSCONCERNINGABOUTOLDAREPRODUCEDFOREXAMPLE,“SENIORCITIZEN”OR“SEASONEDMEN”“ADVANCEDINAGE”ETCOWINGTOPEOPLESLONGINGFORHEALTHANDTABOOAGAINSTILLNESS,ALLKINDOFDISEASEESPECIALLYTHOSESERIOUSINCURABLEONESAREGIVENEUPHEMISTICNAMESFOREXAMPLE,SYPHILISANDVENEREALMOISTWARTSAREOFTENCA
31、LLEDSOCIALDISEASEINENGLISHOR“那种病”INCHINESECANCERISHARDTOCUREWHENSOMEONEISCAUGHTBYCANCER,PEOPLEWOULDUSETHEBIGCORLONGDISEASETOREFERITINSTEADOFSPEAKINGITOUTLOUDLYTHINGSSEEMTOBETHESAMETOHEARTATTACKDISEASEPEOPLEUSEBADHEARTCONDITIONTOSUBSTITUTEITINCHINESE“SISTERLIN”ISUSEDTOREFERTOYOUNGWOMENWHOAREFRAGILEAN
32、DEASYTOCATCHACOLD“BEINGILL”MAYBEREPLACEDBY“身体不适”“身体迁安”“有恙”“小恙”“头疼脑热”“DISABLE”COULDBEREPLACEDBY“手脚不便”“INSANE”COULDBESUBSTITUTEDBY“精神不正常”DEATHISTHEMOSTTABOOTOPICINTHEWORLDEUPHEMISMSABOUTDEATHAREAFFLUENTINALMOSTEVERYLANGUAGEINTHEWORLDITISSAIDTHAT102KINDSOFEUPHEMISMABOUTDEATHEXISTSINENGLISHANDCHINESEISR
33、ICHINITSEUPHEMISMSOFDEATHTOOFOREXAMPLE,“BEAMONGTHEMISSING”“BENOMORE”“SLEEPINTHEARMSOFGOD”“INHEAVEN”“WITHGOD”“TOFIREHISLASTSHOT”“THELASTVOYAGE”“OUTOFTHEPICTURE”“THEFINALKICKOFF”INENGLISH“仙逝”“瑶池添座”“圆寂”“升天”“坐化”“亡”“故”“谢世”“赴黄泉”“翘辫子”“驾崩”“玉陨香消”“殉职”“牺牲”INCHINESESEXISTABOOEDAGAINSTBYPEOPLEINALLPARTOFTHEWORLD
34、EVENTHOUGHITISHUMANSINSTINCTSOALLTHINGSRELATEDTOSEXINCLUDINGKNOWLEDGE,ORGAN,ANDDISEASEAREUSUALLYREPLACEDBYEUPHEMISMS,SUCHAS“BUSINESS”,“STREETGIRL”,“THEFACTOFLIFE”“SOCIALDISEASE”“MYFRIENDHASCOME”NOWTHATEXCRETIONISRELATEDTODIRT,WHENPEOPLETALKABOUTTHINGSRELATEDTOTHAT,THEYALWAYSTRYTOAVOIDSAYITDIRECTLYIN
35、STEADTHEYWILLUSESOMEINDIRECTWORDSANDTHERECOMESTHEEUPHEMISMSFOREXAMPLE,“ANSWERCALLOFNATURE”“PASSWATER”“DONUMBERONE”“GETSOMEFRESHAIR”“POWDERONESNOSE”“WASHONESHANDS”ETCPEOPLESDESIREFORWEALTHISTHEBIRTHPLACEOFEUPHEMISMSABOUTPOVERTYFOREXAMPLE,TRANSFER“POOR”TO“NEEDY”OR“UNDERPRIVILEGED”TRANSFER“SLUM”TO“SUBS
36、TANDARDHOUSING”INORDERTORELEASETHEPRESSUREANDEMOTIONALHURTOFOCCUPATIONALDISCRIMINATIONANDREDUCETHECOMMUNICATIVEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOSIDES,NAMESWITHREPUTATIONARE济南大学毕业论文7PRODUCEDFOREXAMPLE,“CUSTODIAN”OR“MAINTENANCEENGINEER”FOR“JANITOR”“LANDSCAPEARCHITECT”FOR“GARDENER”“TREESURGEON”“SHOEREBUILD”“HOUSEE
37、XECUTIVE”“STREETORDERLY”OR“SANITARYENGINEER”FOR“DUSTMAN”AND“GARBAGECOLLECTOR”INPOLITICS,THEPRESSOFTENUSESEUPHEMISMSTOWEAKEN,CONCEAL,ANDCOLORTHEFACTSANDTRUTHTOINORDERTOACHIEVESOMECERTAINPOLITICALPURPOSESFOREXAMPLE,TRANSFER“AGGRESSION”TO“INVOLVEMENT”“DEATHPENALTY”TO“CAPITALPUNISHMENT”DURINGTHEADMINIST
38、RATIONOFREAGANTHEGOVERNMENTUSE“REVENUEENHANCEMENT”TOSUBSTITUTEITSPOLICYOFTAXINCREASESINTHEWAROFVIETNAM,INORDERTOCOVERTHEIROUTRAGE,THEAMERICANREGARDEDTHEBOMBARDMENTINTHEAIRAS“LOGISTICALSTRIKES”OR“CLOSEAIRSUPPORT”THEYCALLEDTHEMASSACREOFTHECIVILIANAS“WASTINGTHEENEMY”THEYEVENCALLEDTHE“CIVILIANCAUSALITY”
39、AS“COLLATERALDAMAGE”32PRAGMATICSIMILARITIESEUPHEMISMISAKINDOFVALIDEXPRESSIVEWAYINWHICHPEOPLEADOPTTOACHIEVEPROSPECTIVECOMMUNICATIVEEFFECTINTHEPROCESSOFSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONEUPHEMISMHASMANYPOWERFULPRAGMATICFUNCTIONSWEWILLDISCUSSTHESIMILARITIESOFENGLISHANDCHINESEEUPHEMISMFROMTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEASPECTSTOTAB
40、OO,TOAVOIDTHEVULGAR,TOPOLITE321TABOOFUNCTIONNOMATTERINCHINESEORWESTERNCOUNTRIES,TABOOISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONFORPEOPLETOUSEEUPHEMISMSINANCIENTTIME,PEOPLECANNOTEXPLAINTHENATURALPHENOMENONANDPOWERCORRECTLYANDHASAKINDOFWORSHIPOREVENFAIRTOWARDSTHEDIVINETHEYFAIREDANDAVOIDEDTOCALLTHENAMESOFTHEDIVINESANDTH
41、ISISWHATWECALLEDLANGUAGEWORSHIPFORTHEREASONOFSPIRITWORSHIPINENGLISHPEOPLEUSE“OLDBOY”“THETEMPTER”“THEBIGD”“OLDHARRY”“THEENEMY”“OLDNICK”TOREPLACETHEWORD“DEVIL”INCHINESEPEOPLECHOSE“河伯”“祝融”“菩萨”“老爷”TOREFERTOTHEDIVINETHEAIMOFTABOOSISTOAVOIDREFERRINGTHOSETHINGSWHICHMAYIRRITATEPEOPLEDEATHISONEOFTHEMOSTTABOO
42、THINGSCHINESEHASMANYEUPHEMISMSABOUTDEATHINANCIENTTIME,THEDEATHOFKINGSISREFERREDAS“崩”THEDEATHOFTHEFEDERALPRINCESISCALLED“薨”THEDEATHOFTHECHILDRENISCALLED“殇”THEDESCRIPTIONOFAPERSONWHODIESYOUNGIS“他被夺济南大学毕业论文8去了生命”THEDEATHOFREVOLUTIONARYWHOISKILLEDORDIESINTHEBATTLEFIELDCOULDBEDESCRIBEDAS“牺牲”OR“英勇就义”THEDE
43、ATHOFTHEBADCOULDBECALLED“上西天了”OR“下地狱了”WHILEINENGLISHPEOPLEOFTENUSEPHRASESLIKE“GOTOSLEEPFOREVER”“FALLASLEEP”“PASSAWAY”“PASSON”“CLOSEONESDAY”“DEPARTTOGOOD”“EXPIRE”TOREFERTODEATHTHINGSWHICHAREASSOCIATEDWITHDEATHAREALSOCOLOREDFOREXAMPLE,THEYUSE“BOX”TOREFERTO“COFFIN”USE“GRAVEYARD”TOREFERTO“SLEEPINGPLACE”
44、OR“MEMORYGARDEN”USE“MEMORIALSERVICE”TOREFERTO“FUNERAL”ITSOUTOFLUCKFORSOMEBODYTOBEILLWESHOULDNOTSAYTHATSOMEBODYISILLORSPEAKOUTTHENAMEOFTHEILLNESSDIRECTLYINDAILYCOMMUNICATIONTHISISTHEGENERALPSYCHOLOGYOFALLPEOPLEAROUNDTHEWORLDFOREXAMPLE,INENGLISHPEOPLEUSE“THEBIGC”“CAPITALLETTERC”“LONGILLNESS”OR“TERMINA
45、LLYILL”TOREFERTO“CANCER”USE“ACCIDENT”TOREFERTO“APOPLEXY”EUPHEMISMSCANALSOBEEXPRESSEDBYABBREVIATIONSSUCHAS“AIDS”FOR“ACQUIREDIMMUNEDEFICIENCYSYNDROME”“VD”FOR“VENEREALDISEASE”“SARS”FOR“SEVEREACUTERESPIRATORYSYNDROMES”INCHINESEPEOPLEUSE“暗疾”TOREFERTOVENEREALDISEASE“身体不好”,“身体不舒服”,“抱恙”TOREFERTOBEINGILLOWIN
46、GTOTHECHINESETHOUGHTOF“NOPOSTERITYISTHEGREATESTOFTHETHREEUNFILIALACTS”,THEREAREEUPHEMISMSLIKE“膝下凄凉”OR“断了香火”INCHINESEANDAMERICANSTABOOAGAINSTTHENUMBEROF13THETABOOFUNCTIONOFEUPHEMISMHASEXISTEDFORALONGTIMETHECONCEPTOFTABOOISREALLYHARDTOBEREMOVEDFROMTHETHOUGHTOFPEOPLE322FUNCTIONOFAVOIDINGVULGARONFORMALO
47、CCASIONSORINDAILYCOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEALWAYSTRYTOUSEEUPHEMISTICWORDSWHENTHETOPICISRELATEDTOSEXANDPHYSIOLOGYENGLISHUSES“MAKELOVE”OR“SLEEPTOGETHER”TOREFERTO“HAVESEXUALINTERCOURSE”THEREAREOTHEREUPHEMISMSSUCHASTOREPLACE“BLUEFILM”BY“ADULTFILM”“ILLICITCOHABITATION”BY“TRIALMARRIAGE”INENGLISHAWOMANWHOISPREGN
48、ANTISCALLED“ALADYINWAITING”“EATINGFORTWO”“ANEXPECTANTMOTHER”,WHILEINCHINESEPEOPLEMAYSAYTHAT“她有喜了”OR“她快要做妈妈了”MENSTRUATIONWHICHISTHEPHYSIOLOGICALPHENOMENONOFWOMENISOFTENSAIDEUPHEMISTICALLYAS“MYFRIENDHASCOME”,“SHEISRIDINGTHECOTTONBICYCLE”,“SHEHASHERPERIOD”INENGLISHOR“来事了”“见习”OR“来大姨妈了”INCHINESEEXCRETION
49、ISNOTCONVENIENTTOSPEAKDIRECTLYCHINESEHASEXPRESSIONSLIKE“解手”“方济南大学毕业论文9便”“去洗手间”MORETHINGSRELATEDTOTOILETEXISTINENGLISHSUCHAS“WATERCLOSETWC”“RESTROOM”“WASHROOM”“WOMENS/LADIESROOM”“THEPOWDERROOM”“MRSJONES”“MENS/GENTSROOM”“THEJOHN”ETC333POLITEFUNCTIONPOLITENESSISTHEMARKOFHUMANCIVILIZATIONINTHEPROCESSOFCOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEALWAYSTREATEACHOTHERWITHRESPECTINORDERNOTTOHURTANOTHERPEOPLESFEELINGORDIGNITYTOMAKETHECONVERSATIONGOSMOOTHLYUNDERAGENTLEPLEASANTCONDITIONFOREXAMPLEITSEMBARRASSEDFORBOTHSIDESOFTHECONVERSATIONIFONEFORGETSTOTAKEONHISZIPPEROFHISTROUSERSAMERICANSWO