1、存档日期存档编号本科生毕业设计（论文）论文题目姓名学院外国语学院专业商贸英语年级、学号09级，09042014指导教师江苏师范大学教务处印制PESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGABSTRACTTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISONEOFTHEMOSTFAMOUSWORKSOFMARKTWAININTHISWORK,HEEXPRESSEDHISPESSIMISMHEEXPOSEDTHEDEGENERATIONOFHUMANNATUREWHENPEOPLEWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDTHEUGLYESS
2、ENCEOFTHEWORLDHEWASQUITEDISAPPOINTEDTOTHEWORLDTHISESSAYDISCUSSESTHEPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGONTHEBASISOFNEWHISTORICISMTHEESSAYEXPLORESTHEREASONSOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMFROMHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHEREALITYOFAMERICANSOCIETYTHENITINTRODUCESTHEMEANINGOFHISPESSIMISMFURTHERMORE,THEESSAYMAKES
3、ASPECIFICANALYSISOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMASPECTSOFPLOTANDCHARACTERSMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMWASMAINLYDISPLAYEDINHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREANDHISBELIEFOFFATALISM,WHICHGREATLYAFFECTEDHISLATERWRITINGSASWELLASLATERWRITERSKEYWORDSPESSIMISMTEMPTATIONTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYB
4、URG摘要败坏了赫德莱堡的人是马克吐温晚年的一部代表作品，在这部小说中，马克吐温表现出了悲观主义思想。他剖析了在诱惑面前人性表现出的的黑暗和这个世界的丑陋，进而萌发了悲观主义的情绪。本文试图借助新历史主义的观点来分析马克吐温在败坏了赫德莱堡的人这部小说中流露出的的悲观主义，从个人经历和美国社会现实两个方面研究马克吐温悲观主义产生的原因，紧接着讨论马克吐温悲观主义的含义，并从小说的构思和艺术形象两个角度来研究马克吐温悲观主义情绪在败坏了赫德莱堡的人这部小说中的具体体现。马克吐温的悲观主义思想主要表现在对人性的失望和宿命论，这两方面的思想都对他的后期创作以及后来的作家产生了深远的影响。关键词悲观主
5、义诱惑败坏了赫德莱堡的人CONTENTSABSTRACTI摘要IIINTRODUCTION1CHAPTERONETHEFORMATIONANDMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM31THEFORMATIONOFTWAINSPESSIMISM32THEMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM4CHAPTERTWOTHESPECIFICANALYSISOFPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG71FROMTHEASPECTOFPLOT72FROMTHEASPECTOFCHARACTERS9CHAPTERTHREETHEEFFECTOFT
6、WAINSPESSIMISM121THEEFFECTONHISLATERWRITING122THEEFFECTONLATERWRITERS13CONCLUSION14WORKSCITED15PESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDTHEHADLEYBURGINTRODUCTIONSAMUELLANGHORNECLEMENSNOVEMBER30,1835APRIL21,1910,BETTERKNOWNBYHISPENNAMEMARKTWAIN,WASANAMERICANAUTHORANDHUMORISTTWAINGREWUPINHANNIBALMISSOURIDURINGHI
7、SLIFE,HEAPPRENTICEDWITHAPRINTERHEALSOWORKEDASATYPESETTERANDCONTRIBUTEDARTICLESTOHISOLDERBROTHERORIONSNEWSPAPERAFTERTOILINGASAPRINTERINVARIOUSCITIES,HEBECAMEAMASTERRIVERBOATPILOTONTHEMISSISSIPPIRIVERBEFOREHEADINGWESTTOJOINORIONHEWASAFAILUREATGOLDMINING,SOHETURNEDTOJOURNALISMASAREPORTER,HEWROTEAHUMORO
8、USSTORY,THECELEBRATEDJUMPINGFROGOFCALAVERASCOUNTYWHICHBECAMEVERYPOPULARANDBROUGHTNATIONWIDEATTENTIONTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,WRITTENIN1900，ISONEOFTHEMOSTFAMOUSWORKSOFMARKTWAINTHENOVELWASABOUTATOWNNAMEDHADLEYBURGWHICHWASFAMOUSFORITSGOODREPUTATIONEVERYONEBELIEVEDITWASANUNCORRUPTEDTOWNBUTASTRANGER
9、CAMETOHADLEYBURGWITHABAGOFGOLDCOINTOFINDOUTANUNKNOWNBENEFACTORBECAUSETHEBENEFACTOREVERGAVE20DOLLARSTOTHESTRANGERTHECHIEFNINETEENCITIZENSWANTEDTOBETHEBENEFACTORANDMADEEVERYENDEAVORTOGETTHEGOLDATLAST,THEHONESTANDUPRIGHTTOWNBECAMETHESYNONYMOFUGLINESS,LIARSANDTHIEFTHISNOVELISATURNINGPOINTINTWAINSWRITING
10、,WHEREHECHANGESHISSTYLEFROMHUMORTOSATIREALSO,HEISBECOMINGMOREANDMOREPESSIMISTICCOMPAREDWITHHISEARLYWRITINGCHINESESCHOLARSMAINLYEXPLORETHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS,SUCHASFROMTHEWRITINGSKILLSORTHEREASONSOFHISPESSIMISMCHENHUIZHUEVERWROTEANESSAYTOLEARNINGTHEORY,ENTITLEDRESEARCHON
11、THECAUSESOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERLIFESHETRIEDTOEXAMINETHEREASONSOFHISPESSIMISMFROMMARKTWAINSPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHECHANGESOFAMERICANSOCIETYFOREIGNSCHOLARSMAINLYSTUDYTHISNOVELFROMTHEASPECTSOFCULTURALPESSIMISMANDPESSIMISTLITERATURETHEYTRYTOSTUDYMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERWRITINGSFEWSCHOLARSD
12、ISCUSSHISPESSIMISMREVEALEDINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMTHEASPECTOFNEWHISTORICISMTHISESSAYEXPLORESTWAINSPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGWITHTHETHEORYOFNEWHISTORICISMSCHOLARSOFNEWHISTORICISMHOLDTHEVIEWTHATLITERATUREISHIGHLYAFFECTEDBYTHECOMPLEXANDSUBTLESOCIALBACKGROUNDLITERATUREISAPRODUCT
13、OFASPECIFICSOCIETYWHICHHASITSOWNFEATURESINHISTORYANDCULTURETHISESSAYWILLFOCUSONTHEEFFECTSOFAMERICANCULTUREANDHISTORYONTHECHANGEOFMARKTWAINATTHESAMETIME,ITWILLTRYTOEXPLAINTHENOVELFROMTHEANGLEOFHISTORYTOPROCLAIMTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERWRITINGTHROUGHTHERESEARCHOFPESSIMISMINMARKTWAINSTHEMANTHATCORRUPTE
14、DTHEHADLEYBURG,IWOULDLIKETOINSPIREPEOPLETOTHINKABOUTHOWTHEYWILLACTWHENTHEYFACETEMPTATIONPEOPLEALLLIVEINAWORLDFILLEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDTHEREISASEEDOFDESIREINPEOPLESMINDHOWDOPEOPLEACTWHENTHEYMEETWITHTEMPTATIONIFPEOPLECOULDTHINKABOUTITDEEPLY,THEYMIGHTKEEPASOBERINTHEPURSUITOFFAMEANDFORTUNECHAPTERONETHEFOR
15、MATIONANDMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM1THEANALYSISOFTHEWRITINGBACKGROUNDINTHELATE19THCENTURY,THEREISADRAMATICCHANGEINAMERICANCULTUREDARWINSTHEORYOFEVOLUTIONANDSPENCERSTHEORYOFSOCIALCOMPETITIONBROUGHTGREATDESTROYTOCHRISTIANITYANDRATIONALISMTHISMADETHETRADITIONALBELIEFWHICHWASBUILTONTHEFOUNDATIONOFMODESTYA
16、NDFAIRNESSLOSEITSSENSETHEREFORE,HUMANDIGNITYWASDECONSTRUCTEDANDTHEDESIREFORCIVILIZATIONANDDEMOCRACYWASREPLACEDBYMATERIALPURSUITPOWERANDWEALTHHADBECOMETHECENTEROFLIFEHOWEVER,WEKNOWMARKTWAINALWAYSHADADREAMFORAHIGHLYCIVILIZEDSOCIETYTHEREALITYWASFARAWAYFROMWHATHEDREAMEDFORSOHEWASQUITEDISAPPOINTEDATTHESO
17、CIETYMOREOVER,THEUSAENTEREDTHEPERIODOFIMPERIALISMTHECOUNTRYINVADEDOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEWHOLEWORLDINORDERTOOPENAMARKETFORITSPRODUCTSTWAINWITNESSEDTHECOLONIALWARWHILEHEWASINROUNDTHEWORLDLECTURETOURHEHADADEEPAVERSIONTOTHEEVILBEHAVIORTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,WRITTENIN1900,WASSETINSUCHASOCIALBACKGROUN
18、DINTHISWORK,THENINETEENPRINCIPLECITIZENSDECEIVEDEACHOTHERANDDISGUISEDWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHABAGOFGOLDTHISWASATRUEPORTRAYALOFTHECAPITALISTSOCIETY,ORWECANSAY,THENINETEENPRINCIPLECITIZENSWEREASYMBOLOFIMPERIALISMTWAINMERCILESSLYCRITICIZEDTHESOCIALCORRUPTIONANDHYPOCRISYINAMERICANASWELLASTHEMAGICANDEVILROL
19、EMONEYPLAYEDINTHESOCIETYHOWEVER,MARKTWAINTOOKTHEGREEDANDSELFISHNATUREOFTHECAPITALISTASALLTHECITIZENSINCOMMON,WHICHMADETHEWORKSHROUDINPESSIMISTICCOLORANDPESSIMISTICIDEACONTINUEDINHISOLDAGETWAINSPESSIMISM,WHICHISSHOWNINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISALSORELATEDTOHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEINTHE1890SIN1894,H
20、ISINVESTMENTSOFTHETYPESETTINGMACHINEANDTHEPUBLISHINGCOMPANYFAILED,WHICHBROUGHTADEBTOFONEHUNDREDTHOUSANDTOMARKTWAINTHEREFOREHEHADTOMAKEAROUNDTHEWORLDLECTURETOURTOEARNMONEYFORTHEDEBTASASICKLYMANOFNEARLY60YEARSOLDLATER，HEEVERUSEDWORDSTODESCRIBEHISFEELINGTOTHEBANKRUPTCY,WHICHWAS“PAINDESPAIRANDBETORNWITH
21、GRIEF”（TWAIN,76）THEBANKRUPTCYWASAHUGEHITTOMARKTWAININMATERIAL,WHILETHEDEATHOFHISBELOVEDDAUGHTERBROUGHTGREATPAINTOHISSPIRITJUSTDURINGHISTOUR,ONTHE15THOFAUGUST1896,WHENTWAINWASSTANDINGINADINNINGROOM,THINKINGOFNOTHINGINPARTICULAR,ACABLEWASPUTINTOHISHAND,“SUSYWASPEACEFULLYRELEASEDTODAY”（TWAIN,110）TWAIN,
22、UNPREPARED,COULDHARDLYACCEPTTHETHUNDERSTROKELIKETHATTHEWRITERSPERSONALEXPERIENCEINFLUENCESTHEWRITERSSPIRITHESAIDINHISLETTERTOAFRIENDTHATHEKEPTWORKINGJUSTFORWORKINORDERTOSTOPPAINSOWECANEASILYUNDERSTANDTHEEFFECTSOFTHEDISASTERSONEAFTERANOTHERINHISWRITINGHEJUSTEXPRESSEDHISEXTREMEPAINANDDISAPPOINTMENTTHR
23、OUGHHISWORKSTHROUGHTHEANALYSISOFTHEWRITINGBACKGROUND,WECANEASILYUNDERSTANDHISPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG2THEMEANINGSOFPESSIMISMAFTERGETTINGFAMILIARTOTHEWRITINGBACKGROUND,WECANKNOWTHATPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHEREALITYOFAMERICANSOCIETYCONTRIBUTEDTOMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMBUTWHATARETHEMEANINGSOFP
24、ESSIMISMSHOWNINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGTHEREARETWOASPECTSOFTHEMEANINGOFPESSIMISMFIRSTLY,MARKTWAINHOLDSTHEVIEWTHATTHEHUMANNATUREISEVILSECONDLY,HEBELIEVESINFATALISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINWASPESSIMISTICTOWARDSHUMANNATUREHETHOUGHTHUMANNATUREWASEVILBECAUSEHUMANBECAMEHYPOCRITICALAND
25、GREEDYWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONPEOPLESWILLWASSOWEAKTOCONTROLTHEIRDESIRETHEREFORE,ALLTHEVIRTUESWERERUINEDBYTHEBAGOFGOLDCOINTHEWEAKESTOFALLWEAKTHINGSISAVIRTUEWHICHHASNOTBEENTESTEDINTHEFIRE230CITIZENSINTHETOWNEVERTHOUGHTTHEYWEREHONEST,KIND,ANDUPRIGHTBUTTHEHONESTYWASWEAKASWATERWHENTEMPTATIONCAME,W
26、HICHMADEHIMQUITEDISAPPOINTEDANDPESSIMISTICTOWARDHUMANNATUREINTHEGOVERNMENTHALL,WILSONDELIVEREDAPERSUASIVESPEECHWHENHEFOUNDBILLSONALSOGAVEALETTERTOMRBURGESSWHICHSAIDBILLSONWASTHEBENEFACTORTHEREISNOTHINGINTHEWORLDLIKEAPERSUASIVESPEECHTOFUDDLETHEMENTALAPPARATUSANDUPSETTHECONVICTIONSANDDEBAUCHTHEEMOTION
27、SOFANAUDIENCENOTPRACTICEDINTHETRICKSANDDELUSIONSOFORATORY223THECITIZENSWERETRAINEDTOBEHONESTFROMTHEVERYCRADLE,AGAINSTEVERYPOSSIBLETEMPTATIONBUTITWASFICTITIOUSHONESTYWHENTEMPTATIONCAMEMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMWASNOTONLYDISPLAYEDINHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREBUTALSODISPLAYEDINHISBELIEFOFFATALISMINTHEMANTH
28、ATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINPRELIMINARILYEXPRESSEDHISVIEWPOINTOFFATALISMHEEXPLAINEDACCIDENTALEVENTSTOTHEORDEROFGODHEDIDNOTBELIEVETHEWILLPOWEROFHUMANINHISMIND,ITWASGODBUTNOTHUMANTHATCONTROLLEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFEVENTSHISVIEWPOINTOFFATALISMWASMAINLYDISPLAYEDINTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,WHOTENDEDTOEXPLA
29、INHISFAILUREORSUCCESSINGETTINGTHEMONEYTOTHEORDEROFGODFROMHERE,WECANSEEMARKTWAINTHOUGHTMANCOULDNOTDOMINATETHEDESTINYOFTHEIROWNTHISISAKINDOFNEGATIVEVIEWPOINTOFLIFECHAPTERTWOTHESPECIFICANALYSISOFPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG1FROMTHEASPECTOFPLOTTHEPLOTOFTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISVERYBIZA
30、RREWHENTHEGOLDCOINWHICHISTHESYMBOLOFTEMPTATIONAPPEARS,THEHONESTANDUPRIGHTTOWNLOSTITSPEACEHERE,MARKTWAINTOOKTHEGOLDCOINANDTHEPASSINGSTRANGERASTHEMAINLINE,ANDPLAYEDAFARCEFORTHEREADERSWECANTAKETHEFARCEASAPSYCHOLOGICALEXPERIMENTTWAINHADDESIGNEDACLEVERPSYCHOLOGICALEXPERIMENT,CONDUCTEDBYTHESTRANGER,TOMAKE
31、THEREADERSWATCHTHESEEXPERIMENTOBJECTSANDFINDOUTTHEREACTIONOFCITIZENSINTHETOWNBYDOINGSO,MARKTWAINREVEALEDTHEHUMANNATUREINAMATERIALSOCIETYANDTHEREALITYOFMORALITYDECAYTWAINSSATIRE,SIMILARTORIDICULE,ISLINKEDTOPESSIMISMINHISOLDAGEWHENHEWASQUITESUSPICIOUSHEWASSUSPICIOUSOFHUMANNATUREASWELLASTHEDEMOCRACYOFA
32、MERICANSOCIETYATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHESTORY,THEPASSINGSTRANGERCAMETOHADLEYBURGWITHABAGOFGOLDCOINANDBROKETHEQUIETLIFEORDERINTHETOWNTHECITIZENSWEREGREATLYEXCITEDBECAUSETHETRUSTFROMTHESTRANGERSHOWEDTHATTHEYLIVEDINANINCORRUPTIBLETOWNANDWEREPROUDOFITBUTTHECITIZENSWEREINANGUISHANDSIGHLATERASTHEYWANTEDTOKNOWWHA
33、TTHEREMARKWASTHATTHEBENEFACTORSAIDTOTHESTRANGERTHATWASYOUAREFARFROMBEINGABADMANFROMTHEIRREACTION,WECANFINDTHEYHADFALLENINTOTHETRAPOFTHESTRANGERANDATTRACTEDBYTHETEMPTATIONTHENTHEPASSINGSTRANGERCONTINUEDHISPLANOFEXPERIMENTBYTELLINGTHENINETEENCHIEFCITIZENSWHATTHEREMARKWASANDTHENINETEENCHIEFCITIZENSANDT
34、HEIRWIVESBORETHATEXPRESSIONOFPEACEANDHAPPINESSAGAINSOTHEMRBURGESSRECEIVEDNINETEENLETTERSWHICHALLMADEADECLARATIONTHATTHEGOLDCOINBELONGEDTOITSWRITERTILLNOW,THESELFISHNESSANDGREEDOFTHESECITIZENSHADALREADYBEENEXPOSEDTHENHERECOMESTHECLIMAXOFTHESTORYBEHINDTHEGOLDCOIN,THEREWASAHUGEFRAUDBUTTHEREADERSCANFIND
35、OUTTHEWEAKNESSOFHUMANNATUREOFTHESECITIZENSTHROUGHTHEFRAUDTHEIRSELFISHNESS,LIESANDGREEDWEREQUITECLEARANDTHESTRANGERDESIGNEDATRAPTOMAKETHERICHARDSONCEAGAINBETEMPTEDMRBURGESSHELPEDTHECOUPLESAVETHEIRHONORANDGAINEDAHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEYBUTBECAUSEOFFEARANDANXIETY,THERICHARDSBECAMEILLANDTOLDTHETRUTHTHATTHEYWER
36、ETEMPTEDBYTHEGOLDCOINTOOTHELASTOFTHESACREDNINETEENHADFALLENAPREYTOTHEFIENDISHSACKTHETOWNWASSTRIPPEDOFTHELASTRAGEOFITSANCIENTGLORYITSMOURNINGWASNOTSHOWY,BUTITWASDEEP（241）THECOUPLEREALIZEDTHEIRDESIREBUTDEADATLASTHERE,MARKTWAINTOLDABIZARRESTORYTOREADERSHEREVEALEDTHEMORALSTATUSANDSOCIALREALITYBYHISTEXTT
37、HROUGHTHEWONDERFULPLOTDESIGN,MARKTWAINREVEALEDTHEMORALSTATUSBYACTIONSOFPEOPLEINTHETOWNWHENTHEYFACEDTHEGOLDCOINFURTHERMORE,THEPROCESSOFTRYINGTOCLAIMTHECOINWASATRUEPORTRAYALOFCAPITALISTSWHENTHEYFACEDHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEYHEREHISTEXTISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHECULTUREANDSOCIETYOFTHE19THCENTURYINAMERICAATTHATTIME,A
38、MERICAENTEREDASTAGEOFIMPERIALISMCAPITALISTRANAFTERMONEYWITHOUTCARINGABOUTANYTHINGTHISSOCIETYWASFARAWAYFROMMARKTWAINSIDEALSOCIETYANDMARKTWAINCOULDNOTFINDAREASONABLESOLUTIONANDEXPLANATIONTOTHEUGLYWORLD,SOHISMINDISFILLEDWITHPESSIMISTICMOOD2FROMTHEASPECTOFCHARACTERSMARKTWAINDESIGNEDTHECHARACTEROFTHESTRA
39、NGERMAINLYTOEXPOSETHEEVILESSENCEOFHUMANNATURETHESTRANGERWASAVISITORTOHADLEYBURG,WHOWASACONCENTRATEDREFLECTIONOFBLACKNESSINHUMANNATUREHEWASANARROWMINDEDMANHEREVENGEDTHETOWNFORHEWASOFFENDEDINTHETOWNANDHEKEPTTHEINJURYINMINDHEGAVEALLHISLEISURETIMETOTRYTOINVENTACOMPENSATINGSATISFACTIONFORITALSO,HEWASCUNN
40、INGANDMALICIOUSHEWANTEDTODAMAGEEVERYONEINTHETOWNNOTINTHEIRBODIESORINTHEIRESTATE,BUTINTHEIRVANITYTHEPLACEWHEREFEEBLEANDFOOLISHPEOPLEWEREMOSTVULNERABLETHEREFORE,WHATHEWANTEDWASAPLANWHICHWOULDCOMPREHENDTHEENTIRETOWN,ANDNOTLETSOMUCHASONEPERSONESCAPEUNHURTMARKTWAINEXPRESSEDHISVIEWPOINTOFHUMANNATURETHROUG
41、HTHECHARACTEROFTHESTRANGERINHISEYES,THEREWERENOMERITSINHUMANNATUREFROMTHEANGLEOFTHEAUTHOR,TWAINSPESSIMISMWASDISPLAYEDBYHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREASREADERS,WECANUNDERSTANDHISPESSIMISMFROMANOTHERANGLETHATISTAKINGTHESTRANGERASASYMBOLOFCULTURALINTRUSIONTHESTRANGERWASANOUTSIDERANDCAMETOHADLEYBURGWITH
42、AMOTIVATIONTODISTURBTHEORDEROFTHETOWNANDEXPOSETHEMOSTDISHONORABLEPARTSOFPEOPLEHECAMETOTHETOWNNOTTOBRINGPROSPERITYBUTDISASTERSTOITMARKTWAINTHOUGHTALLVISITORSONLYBROUGHTDESTRUCTIONANDDISASTERSTOLOCALPEOPLEHEWASDISGUSTEDABOUTTHEOUTSIDERSINTERVENTIONASWELLASITSDEVASTATINGEFFECTSHOWEVER,THEINTRUSIONOFANO
43、THERCULTURENOTONLYBROUGHTDESTRUCTIONTOLOCALPEOPLE,BUTALSOBROUGHTSOMEPOSITIVECHANGESTOTHEMFOREXAMPLE,THESTRANGERBROUGHTAMIRRORABAGOFGOLDCOINFORTHECIVILIZATIONSTOSEECLEARLYWHATTHETOWNWASLIKEMARKTWAINONLYFOCUSEDONTHENEGATIVEEFFECTSOFSUCHINTRUSIONHETHOUGHTCULTURALINTRUSIONWASTOTALLYBADSOTHATPEOPLESHOULD
44、DONOTHINGBUTPREVENTSUCHCULTURALINTRUSIONTOMAKEACONCLUSION,THECHARACTEROFTHESTRANGERWASACOMPLICATEDONEMARKTWAINCREATEDSUCHACHARACTERTODISPLAYHISDESPAIRTOHUMANNATUREANDHISPESSIMISTICMOODTOCULTURALINTRUSIONWECANALSOUNDERSTANDTWAINSPESSIMISMFROMTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDSTHERICHARDSWEREOLDERTHEYWERESOPOOR
45、THATTHEYCOULDHARDLYREFUSETHETEMPTATIONOFSUCHAHUGEAMOUNTOFGOLDCOINTHEGOLDCOINWEIGHEDAHUNDREDANDSIXTYPOUNDSFOUROUNCESFACINGSUCHAHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEY,THEYSELFISHLYHADTHEDESIREOFGETTINGTHEGOLDCOINANDTHEYGRADUALLYLOSECONTROLOFTHEIRWILLASTHEYHADTHEDESIRETOGETTHEMONEYTHEYEVERTRIEDTOFIGHTWITHTHEIRGREEDBUTFAILE
46、DLEADUSNOTINTOBUTBUTWEARESOPOOR,SOPOORLEADUSNOTINTOAH,WHOWOULDBEHURTBYITANDNOONEWOULDEVERKNOWLEADUS200ATLAST,THEIRWILLWASBEATENBYTHEDESIREANDTHEYWALKEDINTOTHETRAPDESIGNEDBYTHESTRANGERFROMTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,WESEEMTOFEELMARKTWAINSFATALISMATTHEBEGINNING,WHENTHEYLOSTTHEOPPORTUNITYOFGAININGTHEGOLD
47、COIN,MRRICHARDSAIDTHATITWASORDEREDTHENAFTERTHEYWERETEMPTEDONCEAGAINANDGOTTHEMONEY,HESAIDAGAINWEWECOULDNOTHELPIT,MARYITWELLITWASORDEREDALLTHINGSARE235WEKNOWTHATTHERICHARDSPREVIOUSLYHADTHEOPPORTUNITYTOREFUSETHETEMPTATIONBUTTHEYFAILEDTOGRASPITWHENFACEDWITHMONEY,THEIRWILLCOULDNOTWITHSTANDASINGLEBLOWJUST
48、BECAUSETHEYDIDNOTBELIEVETHATTHEYCOULDCONTROLTHEIRWILL,THEYWALKEDTODEATHWITHGREATANXIETYANDFEARMRRICHARDEXPLAINEDWHATHAPPENEDTOTHEORDEROFGODTHATWASAPORTRAYALOFMARKTWAIN,HEEXPLAINEDTHOSETHINGSTHATHECOULDNOTUNDERSTANDTOFATEINHISMIND,PEOPLECOULDNOTCONTROLTHEIRWILLWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDBECAME
49、THESLAVEOFDESIREBYCREATINGTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,MARKTWAINMADEANEXPOSUREOFGREEDANDSELFISHNESSOFHUMANNATUREALSO,HEDISPLAYEDHISBELIEFINFATALISMHETHOUGHTMANCOULDHARDLYDOMINATETHEIRDESTINYCHAPTERTHREETHEEFFECTSOFTWAINSPESSIMISM1EFFECTONHISLATERWRITINGINHISWORKTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDTHEHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINSHOWEDASENSEOFDESPAIRTOHUMANNATUREANDHEBECAMETOBELIEVEINFATALISMINTWAINSMIND,PEOPLEWEREHONESTJUSTBECAUSETHEYDIDNOTHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOEXPOSETHEIRUGLYANDGREEDYESSENCEFURTHERMORE,MANCOULDHARDLYCONTROLTHEIRDESIREANDWASEASILYTEMPTEDBYTHEBAGOFGOLDCOINTHENOVELTH
