1、I对比分析英汉名词使用及其模糊性差异【摘要】本文对比分析了英汉名词的使用差异，以及英汉语言的模糊性差异，并从文化和历史的角度探讨了差异存在的原因,简述了论文的研究背景、目的和意义。并分别从不同角度对比分析了英汉名词的用法名词的形态标记，句法功能，性别表达，复数表达和名词所有格，以及其他方面的对比。第三部分从文化角度探讨了英汉名词不同用法以及名词的模糊性。最后一部分得出结论了解英汉名词差异，有利于提高英汉语言学习，而且能更多地了解英汉语言和文化差异。【关键词】名词模糊性对比文化COMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHEUSEANDFUZZINESSBETWEENCHINESEANDENGL
2、ISHNOUNSIICOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHEUSEANDFUZZINESSBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHNOUNS【ABSTRACT】THISTHESISMAKESACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEUSEOFENGLISHNOUNS,ASWELLASTHEFUZZINESSOFTHELANGUAGEDIFFERENCESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESE,ANDPROBESINTOTHECAUSESOFTHESEDIFFERENCESFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCULTUREAN
3、DHISTORYOUTLINESTHERESEARCHBACKGROUND,PURPOSEANDMEANINGOFTHISSTUDYMAKESACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFENGLISHNOUNSFROMDIFFERENTANGLESMORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFTHENOUN,MEMBERSOFSENTENCE,THEEXPRESSIONOFGENDER,PLURALSANDTHEPOSSESSIVENOUNS,ASWELLASOTHERCOMPARISONOFTHEUSEOFTHENOUNBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHPARTDISCUSSESTH
4、EDIFFERENTUSAGESOFENGLISHANDCHINESENOUNS,ASWELLASTHEFUZZINESSOFLANGUAGEFROMACULTURALPERSPECTIVEANDCONCLUDESLEARNINGTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHNOUNS,ISHELPFULTOENHANCELANGUAGELEARNING,ANDTOLEARNMOREABOUTLANGUAGEANDCULTURALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISH【KEYWORDS】NOUNFUZZINESSCOMPARECUL
5、TUREIIICONTENTS1INTRODUCTION2MORPHOLOGICALMARKSANDSENTENCEMENMBER21MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFTHENOUN211MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFCHINESENOUNS212MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFENGLISHNOUNS22MEMBERSOFSENTENCE221CHINESENOUNSROLEINSENTENCEANDTHEFUZZINESS222ENGLISHNOUNSROLEINSENTENCEANDTHEFUZZIN3THEINFLUENCEOFFUZZINESSONTHEUSA
6、GEOFNOUNS31THEEXPRESSIONOFGENDER7331CHINESENOUNSOFGENDERANDTHEFUZZINESS332ENGLISHNOUNSOFGENDERANDTHEFUZZINESS32THEEXPRESSIONOFPLURALS321CHINESEEXPRESSIONOFPLURALSANDTHEFUZZINESS322ENGLISHPLURALFORMSOFNOUNSANDTHEFUZZINESS33POSSESSIVENOUNS331CHINESEPOSSESSIVENOUNSANDTHEFUZZINESS332ENGLISHPOSSESSIVENOU
7、NSANDTHEFUZZINESS34OTHERCOMPARISONOFTHEUSEOFTHENOUNBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISH35CAUSESOFTHEDIFFERENTUSEANDFUZZINESSINTHEVIEWOFCULTURE4CONCLUSIONWORKSCITED41INTRODUCTIONANOUNISAPARTOFSPEECHTYPICALLYDENOTINGAPERSON,PLACE,THING,ANIMAL,ORIDEAWIKIPEDIAREGARDLESSOFWHEREPEOPLECOMEFROM,THENOUNISUSUALLYTHEFIRST
8、WORDTHEYACQUIREINTHEIRLIFETIMEFORCOMMUNICATION,THENOUNPLAYSANINDISPENSABLEROLE,BOTHINCHINESEANDENGLISH,BECAUSEOFITSVARIOUSFUNCTIONSBUTTHEUSEOFTHENOUNBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHISQUITEDIFFERENT,FORCULTUREANDSOMEOTHERCAUSES,WHICHCONFUSETHECHINESEENGLISHLEARNERSANDCHINESELEARNERSOFENGLISHCOUNTRIESANDHINDE
9、RTHEIRLANGUAGEDEVELOPMENTSIMULTANEOUSLY,CHINESENOUNSANDENGLISHNOUNSHAVETHEIROWNSUBTLEFUZZINESS,WHICHADDDIFFICULTIESFORCHINESEENGLISHLEARNERSANDCHINESELEARNERSOFENGLISHCOUNTRIESTODEALWITHTHENOUNHOWEVER,INFACT,THEREISFEWBOOKSORARTICLESWHICHSPECIALLYCONCENTRATEONTHEDIFFERENTUSEANDFUZZINESSOFTHENOUNBETW
10、EENCHINESEANDENGLISHTHEPURPOSEOFTHISTHESISLIESINUSINGTHEPRACTICALEXPERIENCE,RESEARCHRESULTSANDRELEVANTLITERATUREAVAILABLETOCOMPARETHEDIFFERENCESANDCOMMONPOINTSOFTHEUSEANDFUZZINESSBETWEENCHINESENOUNSANDENGLISHNOUNSANDMEANWHILEANALYSEANDREVEALTHECAUSESOFTHEDIFFERENCESTHECOMPARISONOFTHEUSEANDFUZZINESSO
11、FTHENOUNBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHISTOFIGUREOUTNOTONLYTHEDIFFERENCESBUTALSOTHECOMMONPOINTSTHEANALYSISCANHELPBOTHCHINESEENGLISHLEARNERANDCHINESELEARNEROFENGLISHCOUNTRIESKNOWBETTERABOUTTHEUSEOFCHINESENOUNANDENGLISHNOUN,SOASTOPROPERLYUSETHESETWOKINDSOFNOUNINWRITING,SPEAKINGANDLISTENING2MORPHOLOGICALMARKS
12、ANDSENTENCEMEMBERNOUNISSUCHACOMMONANDIMPORTANTTOPICTHATITISUSUALLYTHEFIRSTCHAPTERTHATISTAUGHTTOTHECHILDRENINSCHOOLANDITALSOFALLSUNDERTHEBASICSOFLANGUAGEANOUNCANBEDEFINEDASAWORDWHICHISUSEDTONAMEANYTHINGFROMAPLACETOAPERSON,TOATHING,TOANANIMALANDTOANABSTRACTIDEABUTEVENTHEONESWHOAREUPTOTHEMARKWITHTHEIRM
13、OTHERLANGUAGE,NOMATTERCHINESEORENGLISH,MAYNOTBEABLETODEFINETHENOUNIMMEDIATELYANDPROPERLYTODEFINENOUNWITHOUTBEINGABLETOPROVIDEEXAMPLESISUNACCEPTABLEPROBABLYAFTERALL,EXAMPLESHELPTHEPEOPLETOUNDERSTANDANDGRASPTHETOPICBETTER,SOEXAMPLESAREABSOLUTELYNECESSARYGUAN126HERE,THE“EXAMPLES“INTHETHESISARENOTTHECON
14、VENTIONALEXAMPLESPEOPLECHOSETOREPRESENTARULE,RECURRINGEVENTORQUALITATIVEPERFORMANCEOFATASK,BUTTHESIXPAIRSOFCOMPARISONOFTHEUSEOFCHINESENOUNSANDENGLISHNOUNSTHATIS5MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFNOUN,MEMBERSOFSENTENCE,EXPRESSIONOFGENDER,EXPRESSIONOFPLURALS,EXPRESSIONOFNAMESANDPOSSESSIVENOUNS21MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOF
15、THENOUNINTHETHESIS,MORPHOLOGICALMARKSMEANSAFFIXESOFTHENOUNANAFFIXISAMORPHEMETHATISATTACHEDTOAWORDSTEMTOFORMANEWWORDAFFIXESMAYBEPREFIXES,LIKEENGLISHPREANDCHINESELAO老,ORSUFFIXES,LIKEENGLISHPLURALTIONANDCHINESEMEN们FORMINGDIFFERENTWORDSBYADDINGMORPHEMESAFFIXESATTHEBEGINNINGPREFIXATION,THEMIDDLEORTHEENDS
16、UFFIXATIONOFWORDS,WORDSCANBEVARIOUSSODOESTHENOUNSOFCHINESEANDENGLISH211MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFCHINESENOUNSINCHINESE，THENOUNREGARDAFFIXES,INCLUDINGSUFFIXESANDPREFIXES,ASITSIDENTIFICATIONANDSUFFIXESOFTHENOUNAREMUCHMORETHANPREFIXES1LAO老老公,老婆,老乡,老弟,老王,老虎,老鼠,老五2FU副副作用,副产品,副刊,副本,副食品XIAO93ZI子孩子,房子,包子,茄子,儿子,孙子
17、,果子4YUAN员球员,人员,队员,管理员,邮递员,服务员,演员INEXAMPLE1AND2,WECANFINDTHATTHEWORDSWITHPREFIXESLAOANDFUAREUSUALLYNOUNWORDSANDINEXAMPLE3AND4,SUFFIXESZIANDYUANMAKEUSERSKNOWWHICHPARTOFSPEECHTHEWORDBELONGSTOINCHINESE,MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFTHENOUNLIKETHEEXAMPLESABOVEJUSTPROVIDEUSERSPOSSIBLECLUESBUTNOTCONCLUSIVEEVIDENCEAC
18、TUALLY,WEALWAYSJUDGENOUNWORDSBYANALYZINGSENTENCESTRUCTUREBUTNOTMORPHOLOGICALMARKS,BECAUSEMOSTOFTHECHINESENOUNSDONTHAVEMORPHOLOGICALMARKS212MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFENGLISHNOUNSINENGLISH,MORPHOLOGICALMARKSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINIDENTIFYINGNOUNSCOMPAREDWITHCHINESEMORPHOLOGICALMARKSAFFIXESCONTAINPREFIXESANDSU
19、FFIXES,MORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFENGLISHNOUNSHELPALOTWHENFIGURINGOUTWHETHERAWORDISANOUNINADIRECTANDSIMPLEWAY1TIONPRODUCTION,ATTENTION,REVOLUTION,ADDITION,IMAGINATION,EXPLANATION2NESSHAPPINESS,FORGIVENESS,KINDNESS,STRANGENESS,POLITENESS,WEAKNESS3MENTDEVELOPMENT,STATEMENT,AGREEMENT,AGREEMENT,ASSIGNMENT,REQU
20、IREMENT6ASWHATILISTINEXAMPLE1,2AND3,ENGLISHMORPHOLOGICALMARKSOFTHENOUNAREMAINLYSUFFIXESUNLIKECHINESENOUNS,MAJORITYOFENGLISHNOUNSCANBERECOGNIZEDBYTHEIRAFFIXESOTHERSUFFIXESASTHEEXAMPLESWHICHGIVESIGNSFORUSERSAREER/ORALWAYSSHOWSTHEOCCUPATIONTHEPEOPLE,ESSMAINLYRELATESTOFEMALES,ISMDOCTRINE,LOGYAKINDOFDISC
21、IPLINE,EETHEPERSONORTHINGAFFECTEDBYTHEACTIONORSITUATIONANDSOON22THEINFLUENCEOFFUZZINESSONTHEUSAGEOFNOUNSMEMBERSOFSENTENCEAREAWORDORAGROUPOFWORDSTHATFUNCTIONSASASINGLEUNITWITHINAHIERARCHICALSTRUCTUREINASENTENCE,EVERYWORDMUSTBEORGANIZEDLOGICALLYANDPROPERLYBYTHERULEOFLANGUAGEINCONSIDERATIONOFTHERULEOFL
22、ANGUAGE,WHATARETHECHINESEANDTHEENGLISHWORDSROLEINSENTENCESGENERALLY,THEREARESIXBASICMEMBERSOFSENTENCESOFCHINESESUBJECT,PREDICATE,OBJECT,ATTRIBUTE,ADVERBIALANDCOMPLEMENTASFORENGLISH,ITALSOACTSASSUBJECT,PREDICATE,OBJECT,ATTRIBUTE,ADVERBIALANDCOMPLEMENTINSENTENCESWHATITPLAYSDIFFERENTFROMCHINESEISTHATEN
23、GLISHCANBEPREDICATIVEWHICHSEEMSNEVERTOAPPEARINCHINESEINACORRECTWAY221THEROLEOFCHINESENOUNSINSENTENCEANDTHEFUZZINESSINCHINESESENTENCES,CHINESENOUNCANBESUBJECT,OBJECT,APPOSITIVE,ATTRIBUTEANDEVENPREDICATEINSOMECASES1她爱中国。2她，一位英国人，从小热爱中国。3她从小热爱中国文化。4今天星期天。INSENTENCE1,NOUNS“我”,THESUBJECT,AND“中国”,THEOBJEC
24、T,ARECONNECTEDBYAPREDICATE,AVERB,THENACOMPLETESENTENCECOMESOUTITISAQUITECOMMONCHINESESENTENCEACTASSUBJECTANDOBJECTISTHEMOSTBASICUSEOFCHINESENOUNS,ASALMOSTALLOFTHECOMPLETESENTENCESINCHINESEHAVEREGARDEDNOUNSASTHEIRSUBJECTANDOBJECTINEXAMPLE2,BESIDESTHESAMEROLESNOUNSPLAYINEXAMPLE1,THENOUNWORD“英国人”ISAAPP
25、OSITIVEINTHECASEOFEXAMPLE3,NOUN“中国”MODIFIESTHEOTHERNOUN“文化”,WHICHMEANSTHAT“中国”ISANATTRIBUTEINTHISSENTENCETHEMOSTFAMILIARCASEOFCHINESENOUNSROLEOFPREDICATEISSHOWEDINEXAMPLE4BOTH“今天“AND“星期天”ARENOUNSINTHISSENTENCE,“今天”ISSUBJECTAND“星期天”ISPREDICATEBUTINORALCHINESE,ASENTENCEASEXAMPLE2ISHARDLYUSEDWECANSEENO
26、UNSWORKASAPPOSITIVEINWRITTENCHINESE,ESPECIALLYLITERARYWORDS7222ENGLISHNOUNSROLEINSENTENCEANDTHEFUZZINESSENGLISHSENTENCESFOLLOWTHERULESOFFIVEBASICSENTENCEPATTERNSTHEYARE1SSUBJECTVPREDICATE2SSUBJECTVLINKVERBPPREDICATIVE3SSUBJECTVPREDICATEOOBJECT4SSUBJECTVPREDICATEOINDIRECTOBJECTODIRECTOBJECT5SSUBJECTV
27、PREDICATEOOBJECTCCOMPLEMENTTOFITINWITHTHERULESOFSENTENCES,ENGLISHNOUNSMAINLYWORKASSUBJECT,OBJECT,PREDICATIVEANDAPPOSITIVEWECANSEEFROMTHESENTENCEPATTERNSLISTEDABOVETHATNOUNSCANBEUSEDINEVERYENGLISHSENTENCEASTHESUBJECTHENCE,IWILLNOTGIVEEXAMPLESTOSHOWITSROLEASSUBJECTANDOBJECTAPPOSITIVEISAGRAMMATICALCONS
28、TRUCTIONINWHICHTWOELEMENTS,NORMALLYNOUNPHRASES,AREPLACEDSIDEBYSIDE,WITHONEELEMENTSERVINGTODEFINEORMODIFYTHEOTHERASCHINESENOUNS,ENGLISHNOUNSACTASAPPOSITIVEINSENTENCESAS“HE,ANENGLISHBOY,LIKESCHINA”NOUN“ENGLISH”,APARENTHESIS,ISANAPPOSITIVEINTHISSENTENCETOTAKEANOTHEREXAMPLE,INTHEPHRASE“MYFRIENDALICE”,TH
29、ENAME“ALICE”ISINOPPOSITIONTO“MYFRIEND”SENTENCEPATTERN2ISTHEMOSTTYPICALPATTERNTOSHOWHOWNOUNSPLAYASPREDICATIVEFOREXAMPLE,“HEISATEACHER”INTHISSENTENCE,“HE”ISTHESUBJECT,FOLLOWEDBYSLINKVERB“IS”THEN“TEACHER”ISAPREDICATIVEBUTCHINESESOMETIMESCONFUSEPATTERN2WITHPATTERN3THEBESTWAYTODISTINGUISHBETWEENPATTERN2A
30、NDPATTERN3ISFULLYUNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGOFPREDICATIVEPREDICATIVEISTHEWORDWHICHEMBELLISHESTHESUBJECTANDSTATESTHEIDENTITY,CHARACTER,FEATUREANDCONDITIONOFTHESUBJECT3THEINFLUENCEOFFUZZINESSONTHEUSAGEOFNOUNS31THEEXPRESSIONOFGENDERINSOMELANGUAGES,NOUNSAREASSIGNEDTOGENDERS,SUCHASMASCULINE,FEMININEANDNEUTERTHE
31、GENDEROFANOUNASWELLASITSNUMBERANDCASE,WHEREAPPLICABLEWILLOFTENENTAILAGREEMENTINWORDSTHATMODIFYORARERELATEDTOITGRAMMATICALGENDEROFTENCORRELATESWITHTHEFORMOFTHENOUN,THEINFLECTIONPATTERNITFOLLOWS,THESEXOFTHENOUNSREFERENT,PARTICULARLYINTHECASEOFNOUNSDENOTINGPEOPLEANDSOMETIMESANIMALS311CHINESENOUNSOFGEND
32、ERANDTHEFUZZINESS8FORCHINESE,RADICALISAWAYTODISCRIMINATETHEGENDEROFNOUNSDIRECTLYANDCORRECTLYNOUNSWITHRADICAL“女”，FORINSTANCE,“奶,妈,姐,妹,她,姑,妇”,REFERTOFEMALEHOWEVER,THECHINESELANGUAGEARELARGELYGENDERNEUTRAL,ANDPOSSESSFEWLINGUISTICGENDERMARKERS,EVENTHOUGHTHECHINESESOCIETYHASHISTORICALLYBEENSHOWNTOHAVESIG
33、NIFICANTDEGREEOFMALEDOMINANCEINTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREASWELLASEDUCATIONANDLITERATURECOMPREHENSIONOFWRITTENANDSPOKENCHINESEISALMOSTWHOLLYDEPENDENTONNOUNSAFFIXESACHINESEWORDISTHUSINHERENTLYGENDERNEUTRAL,BUTANYGIVENWORDCANBEPRECEDEDBYAROOTINDICATINGMASCULINITYORFEMININITYFOREXAMPLE,THEWORDFOR“TEACHER”ISLAOS
34、HI老师ANDCANONLYBEMADEGENDERSPECIFICBYADDINGTHEROOTFOR“MALE”OR“FEMALE”TOTHEFRONTOFITTHUSTOSPECIFYAMALETEACHER,ONEWOULDNEEDTOPREFIXNAN男MALE,ASINNANLAOSHI男老师SODOESAFEMALETEACHERUNDERNORMALCIRCUMSTANCESBOTHMALEANDFEMALETEACHERWOULDSIMPLYBEREFERREDTOASLAOSHI老师THEN,NOUNSWITHNAN男,GONG公,XIONG雄,YANG阳IMPLYTHEG
35、ENDEROFMASCULINITYWHILENV女,MU母,CI雌,YIN阴HINTOFTHEGENDEROFFEMININITYALTHOUGHCHINESEISNOTINTHEGRAMMARCATEGORYOFMASCULINEORFEMININEBUTWITHDIFFERENTSUFFIXESTODISTINGUISHMALEANDFEMALE,ITREVEALSITSELFWITHTHECHARACTERTHATFEMALECANNEVERSTANDFORMALEWHILEMALECANCONTAINFEMALESOMETIMES伍铁平17THEMOSTFAVORABLECONVIC
36、TIVEEXAMPLEISTHATWEUSE“父辈”BUTNOT“母辈”TOEXPRESSTHEPREVIOUSGENERATION312ENGLISHNOUNSOFGENDERANDTHEFUZZINESSINGENERAL,ENGLISHNOUNSOFGENDERAREUSEDTODISTINGUISHBETWEENMALEANDFEMALE,SOMETIMESREFERREDTOASMASCULINEANDFEMININEFOREXAMPLEMYSONANDDAUGHTERARESTUDENTSINWHICHTHENOUN“SON”ISMASCULINE,WHILE“DAUGHTER”I
37、SFEMININEENGLISHNOUNSRARELYCHANGEFORM,EVENTOINDICATEGENDERASAGENERALRULE,ONLYNOUNSREFERRINGTOPEOPLEANDSOMEANIMALSREFLECTGENDERINTHEIRFORMFOREXAMPLE,BOYANDGIRL,MANANDWOMAN,FATHERANDMOTHER,UNCLEANDAUNTTHEFIRSTWORDOFEACHPAIRISTHENAMEOFAMALEANIMAL,WHILETHESECONDWORDOFEACHPAIRISTHENAMEOFAFEMALEANIMALANOU
38、NTHATDENOTESAMALEANIMALISSAIDTOBEOFTHEMASCULINEGENDERANOUNTHATDENOTESAFEMALEANIMALISSAIDTOBEOFTHEFEMININEGENDERBESIDES,ANOUNTHATDENOTESEITHERAMALEORAFEMALEISSAIDTOBEOFTHECOMMONGENDEREXAMPLESAREPARENT,DOCTOR,CHILD,COUSIN,FRIEND,THIEF,BABY,ENEMY,STUDENT,TEACHER,WRITERETCANOUNTHATDENOTESATHINGTHATISNEI
39、THERMALENORFEMALEISSAIDTOBEOFTHENEUTRALGENDEREXAMPLESAREBOOK,PEN,ROOM,HOUSE,TREEETC9ITISTHUSSEENTHATINMODERNENGLISH,THEGENDEROFANOUNISENTIRELYAMATTEROFSEXORTHEABSENCEOFITITHASNOTHINGTODOWITHTHEFORMOFANOUN,WHICHDETERMINESITSGENDERINCHINESENOTETHATINANIMATEOBJECTSAREOFTENPERSONIFIED,THATIS,SPOKENOFASI
40、FTHEYWERELIVINGBEINGSWETHENREGARDTHEMASMALESORFEMALESTHEMASCULINEGENDERISOFTENAPPLIEDTOLIFELESSOBJECTSKNOWNFORSTRENGTHORVIOLENCEEXAMPLESARESUN,SUMMER,WINTER,TIME,DEATHETCTHEFEMININEGENDERISOFTENAPPLIEDTOLIFELESSOBJECTSKNOWNFORBEAUTYORGRACEFULNESSEXAMPLESAREMOON,EARTH,SPRING,AUTUMN,NATURE,LIBERTY,JUS
41、TICE,PEACE,MERCY,HOPEETC32THEEXPRESSIONOFPLURALSTHEPLURALISONEOFTHECATEGORIESOFGRAMMATICALNUMBERINMANYLANGUAGESPLURALFORMSOFNOUNSTYPICALLYDENOTEAQUANTITYOTHERTHANTHEDEFAULTQUANTITYREPRESENTEDBYANOUN,WHICHISGENERALLYONEMOSTCOMMONLY,THEREFORE,PLURALSAREUSEDTODENOTETWOORMOREOFSOMETHING,ALTHOUGHTHEYMAYA
42、LSODENOTEFRACTIONAL,ZEROORNEGATIVEAMOUNTSPLURALITYISALINGUISTICUNIVERSAL,REPRESENTEDVARIOUSLYAMONGTHELANGUAGESASASEPARATEWORD,ANAFFIX,ORBYOTHERMORPHOLOGICALMARKSSUCHASSTRESSORIMPLICITMARKERS321CHINESEEXPRESSIONOFPLURALSANDTHEFUZZINESSTHEREARENOPLURALNOUNSINCHINESEQTDINXIAO13GENERALLY,CHINESENOUNSREQ
43、UIRECOUNTERSALSOTERMEDMEASUREWORDSORCLASSIFIERSINORDERTOBECOUNTEDTHATIS,WHENSPECIFYINGTHEAMOUNTOFACOUNTABLENOUN,THECOUNTERHASTOAGREEWITHTHENOUNHENCETWOHORSESSHOULDBEEXPRESSEDAS“两匹马”,WITH“匹”BEINGTHEUNITOFMEASUREMENT,ORMEASUREWORDINENGLISH,SOMEWORDS,ASINTHECITEDEXAMPLEOF“HORSE,”AREOFTENPAIREDWITHANOUN
44、USEDMUCHLIKETHECHINESEMEASUREWORDBOTTLEIN“TWOBOTTLESOFWINE“ORPIECEIN“THREEPIECESOFPAPER”AREEXAMPLESONEDOESNOTTYPICALLYSAY,“TWOWINES”OR“THREEPAPERS”,UNLESSTALKINGABOUTTYPESOFWINEORACADEMICRESEARCHRESPECTIVELYBUTNOMATTERHOWMANYHORSESARETHERETOBECOUNTED,THENOUNMA马WILLNEVERCHANGEITSFORMTOBEAPLURALNOUNCO
45、UNTERSAREOFTENLEXICALLYMEANINGFULTHECOUNTERSMUSTAGREEWITHTHEAPPROPRIATECOUNTERFORANOUNFOREXAMPLE,GOU狗MEANSDOGOR“THEDOG“BUTTOSPECIFY“THAT/THIS/ADOG”DEMONSTRATIVEONESAYS“NAZHI/ZHEIZHI/YIZHIGOU那只/这只/一只狗,”WHERETHEENDING“ZHI”AGREESWITHTHENOUN“GOU”SIMILARLY,“THAT/THIS/AHOUSE”ARE“NAZUO/ZHEZUO/YIZUOFANGZI,”
46、WHERETHEENDINGZUO座AGREESWITHTHENOUNFANGZI房子10INPARTICULAR,COUNTERWORDSAREGENERALLYASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAINGROUPSOFNOUNSRELATEDBYMEANING,SUCHASTIAO条FORLONG,THINOBJECTSORANIMALSEGROPES,SNAKESORFISH,BA把FOROBJECTSWITHHANDLESEGKNIVES,UMBRELLAS,ZHANG张FORPAPERORPAPERDERIVEDOBJECTSPHOTOGRAPHSETCHOWEVER,THECOUN
47、TERSFORMANYNOUNSAPPEARARBITRARYZHUOZI桌子ANDDENGZI凳子AREZHANG张NOUNS,WHILEANOTHERWORDFORCHAIR,YIZI椅子ISABA把NOUN322ENGLISHPLURALFORMSOFNOUNSANDTHEFUZZINESSENGLISHNOUNSAREINFLECTEDFORGRAMMATICALNUMBERTHATIS,IFTHEYAREOFTHECOUNTABLETYPE,THEYGENERALLYHAVEDIFFERENTFORMSFORSINGULARANDPLURALTHISARTICLEDISCUSSEST
48、HEVARIETYOFWAYSINWHICHENGLISHPLURALNOUNSAREFORMEDFROMTHECORRESPONDINGSINGULARFORMS,ASWELLASVARIOUSISSUESCONCERNINGTHEUSAGEOFSINGULARSANDPLURALSINENGLISHREGARDLESSOFUNCOUNTABLENOUNS,FORTHEMAJORITYOFENGLISHCOUNTABLENOUNS,JUSTADDTHELETTER“S”TOTHEENDOFTHEWORDTOMAKEITPLURALFOREXAMPLE,PENCILBECOMESPENCILS
49、ANDCATBECOMESCATSWITHSOMENOUNS,ADDINGONLYAN“S”ATTHEENDOFTHEWORDWOULDMAKEITDIFFICULTTOPRONOUNCE,SOADDAN“ES”INSTEADTHESENOUNSTYPICALLYENDINTHELETTERSX,S,Z,CHANDSHFOREXAMPLE,WITHTHEWORDBEACH,ADDINGAN“S”ONLYWOULDMAKE“BEACHES,”SOADD“ES”INSTEADTOMAKEBEACHESNOUNSENDINGIN“O”ARESPLITBETWEENTHEABOVETWORULESINFACT,SOMENOUNSSUCHASMOSQUITOCANBESPELLEDEITHERASMOSQUITOESORMOSQUITOESTYPICALLY,WORDSTHATHAVEAVOWELBEFORETHE“O,”SUCHASPATIO,ONLYNEEDAN“S”ATTHEENDTOMAKEPATIOSWORDSWITHACONSONANTBEFORETHE“O”ATTHEENDOFTENADD“ES,”ASINHEROESORVETOES,BUTSOMETHATWOULDSEEMTOFOLLOWTHISRULEONLYREQUIREADDINGAN“S,”ASIN
