1、定语从句一、三个概念1.定语从句：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。2.先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。关系词用以连接先行词与定语从句，关系词既有替代先行词的作用，又在从句中充当着一个成分。例：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 先行词 关系词 定语从句Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 先行词定语从句关系词二、要点1.先
2、行词与定语从句之间要有关系词（有时可省略）2.关系代词应紧跟在先行词之后3.关系词在定语从句中充当某一成分三、关系词的用法关系代词: who/whom/that/which/whose 1.先行词是人时，关系代词用 who/whom/that.(1) who/that 表主格: The girl who /that is drawing is Jims sister. The man who/that lives next door is friendly.(2) whom/that 表宾格(who 可用于口语中)可省略:The boy (whom/that) we talked about
3、will come.He is the man (whom/that) we saw yesterday.2.先行词为物时，关系代词用 which/that.(1) which/that 表主格:A plane is a machine which / that can fly.Mary likes music which/that is quiet and gentle.(2) which/that 表宾格,可省略:The car (which /that) he bought was a second-hand one.The film (which/that) we saw last n
4、ight was wonderful.3.whose：表所有格，先行词既可以是人，也可以是物The worker whose arm was broken was sent to hospital.The river whose banks are covered with trees is very long.关系副词：when/where/why关系副词可替代的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词
5、同先行词搭配)1. when: 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例：This was the time when he arrived.I will never forget the day when I met my favorite star.2. where 指地点 ，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例：This is the factory where he works.Nanjing is the place where I was born.3. why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例：Nobody knows the reason why he is
6、often late for school.Is this the reason why he refused our offer?注意：关系副词 when, where, why, 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which“结构交替使用。例：I will never forget the day on which I met my favorite star.【when】Nanjing is the place in which I was born.【where】Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?【
7、why】四、关系代词 that 的特殊用法只用 that 的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 2.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything， none， the one 等不定代词时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 3.先行词被 the
8、 only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.4.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 5.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 6.主句
9、是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用 that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.7.先行词在主句和从句中都作表语时，只能用 that.例如：He is not the man that he once was.8.先行词是 the way 时，只用 that不用 that 的情况1.先行词为 that, those 时，用 which，而不用 that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？2.关系代词前有介词时，一般用 which，而不用 that.例如：
10、This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。3.引导非限制性定语从句，用 which，而不用 that.例如：Tom came back, which made us happy.五、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I wor
11、ked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 习
12、惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状） ，也能正确选择出关系代词/ 关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D，例 2 A。例
13、 1 变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词
14、 on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose） ； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语， when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。非限制性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。但是限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。1.which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时
15、，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which g
16、reatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.4.有时 as 也可用作关系代词5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词that，而用 who, whom 代表人，用 which, whose 代表事物。as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句 1.由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。 As we know, smoking is ha
17、rmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 2.as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 (3) 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which。Tom was always lat
18、e for school, which made his teacher angry.(4) as 的用法例the same as；such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句
19、的主语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。定语从句的难点1.限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况2.关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：(1) As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。He married her, as/which was natural.He was honest, as/which we can see.(2) as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另
20、外，as 有“正如，正像”的意思As is known to all, China is a developing country.He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.(3) 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，常用 asI have never heard such a story as he tell
21、s.注意：当先行词由 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 注意：定语从句 suchas 与结果状语从句 such that的区别：as 在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that 在结果状语从句中不做成分He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.He has such a good laptop that I want to by one.3.以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
