1、11.必修五 Unit 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”约翰斯诺击败“霍乱王”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰 斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cho
2、lera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。This was the deadly disease of its day.霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve
3、this problem.约翰 斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud
4、of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person
5、 died.病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry.因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhood
6、s, he began to gather information.当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰 斯诺就开始收集资料。In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。He was determined to find out why.他决心要查明其原因。First he marked on a map the exact places where all t
7、he dead people had lived.首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40).许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号） 。He also noticed that some houses (
8、such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。He had not foreseen this, so he made 2further investigations.他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，They ha
9、d been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty
10、 water from London.他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。He had shown that cholera was spread by germs
11、 and not in a cloud of gas.他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that
12、 she had it delivered to her house every day.有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个特别的证据，约翰 斯诺就能
13、够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰 斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。Finally “King Cholera“ wa
14、s defeated.最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。2.必修五 Unit 1 COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY哥白尼的革命性理论Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.尼古拉哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar
15、system.虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太3阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesti
16、ng such an idea.他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in t
17、he sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop.这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。 This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.如果地
18、球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer.哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。But only his new t
19、heory could do that.但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends.1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。The changes he made to the old theory were revo
20、lutionary.他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in
21、 the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he
22、 only published it as he lay dying in 1543.他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。Certainly he was right to be careful.当然，他小心谨慎是对的。The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked.基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的4人都会受到打击。Yet Cope
23、rnicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。
24、Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克牛顿、阿尔伯特 爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬 霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。3.必修五 Unit 2 PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY 地理之谜People may wonder why
25、 different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.人们也许觉得奇怪，为什么用来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家的词语不太一样。You can clarify this question if you study British history.但如果你学过英国历史，就能弄清楚这个问题。First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth cen
26、tury.首先是英格兰。威尔士于13世纪同英格兰联合了起来。Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.如今只要有人提起英格兰，你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的。 Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain“.接着，英格兰、威尔士同苏格兰于17世纪联合了起来，名字就改成了 “大不列颠”。Happily this was ac
27、complished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.令人庆幸的是，当苏格兰的詹姆斯国王成为英格兰和威尔士的国王时，这三个国家和平地实现了联合。Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.最后，英国政府打算
28、于 20世纪初把爱尔兰也同另外三个国家和平联合起来以形成联合王国。However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.然而，爱尔兰的南部却不愿意而分离出去了，并建立了自己的政府。 So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag ca
29、lled the Union Jack.因此只有北爱尔兰同英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰联合起来，而组成了联合王国，这一点从新的联合王国国旗上就可以看得出来。To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions.值得赞扬的是，虽然这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作，例如在货币和国际关系方面；但是它们在制度上仍然存在5很大的区别。For e
30、xample, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!例如，北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰在教育体制和立法体制上都存在着差异。在参加像世界杯之类的比赛时，它们有着各自的足球队。England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divide
31、d roughly into three zones.在这四个国家中，英格兰是最大的。为了方便起见，它大致可以划分为三个地区。The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.最靠近法国的那个地区叫做英格兰南部，中部地区叫做英格兰中部，最靠近苏格兰的那个地区叫做英格兰北部。You find most of the population settled
32、 in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.你可以看到英国的大部分人口聚居在南部，而多数大工业城市都位于中部和北部。Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!尽管，英国任何一个城市都不像中国的城市那样大，但是他们都有着自己的享
33、有威名的足球队，有的城市甚至还有两个队。It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.很遗憾，这些建于19世纪的工业城市对游客并没有吸引力。For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.要找历史性建筑你得去更古老的、比较小些的由古罗马人建造的城镇。There you will find out more about B
34、ritish history and culture.在那儿你才可能找到更多的有关英国历史和文化的东西。The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings.最具历史意义的宝地是伦敦。那儿有博物馆，有艺术珍品、剧院、公园和各种建筑物。It is the centre of national government and its administration.它是全国的政治中心。It has the oldest port
35、 built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.它有公元一世纪由罗马人建造的最古老的港口，有由盎格鲁撒克逊人始建于11世纪60年代的最古老的建筑，还有公元1066年由后来的诺曼人统治者建造的最古老的城堡。There have been four sets of invaders of England.曾经有
36、四批侵略者到过英国。The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads.最早的入侵者是古罗马人，他们留下了他们的城镇和道路。The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government.接着是盎格鲁撒克逊人，留下了他们的语言和政体。The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the
37、Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.第三是斯堪的纳维亚人，他们对词汇和北部的地名造成了一定影响；第四是诺曼人，他们留下了城堡和新的食物名称的词语。If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.如果你到英国乡间去看看，你就6会找到所有这些入侵者的痕迹。You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the U
38、nited Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile. 如果想使你的英国之旅不虚此行又有意义，你就必须留心观察。4.必修五 Unit 2 SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON 伦敦观光记Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.由于担心时间不够，张萍玉早就把她想要在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子。Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built
39、long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.她最先想参观的地方是伦敦塔，它是很久以前由入侵的诺曼人在公元1066年修建的。Fancy!This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years. 真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经在那儿屹立一千年了。Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.尽管
40、在塔的四周扩建了一些建筑，但它仍然是皇宫和监狱联合体的一个组成部分。To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queens jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.让张萍玉很惊讶的是，她发现女王的珠宝由皇家的特别卫士守护着，而这些卫士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿着400年前伊丽莎白一世女王时代的制服。T
41、here followed St Pauls Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.接着参观的是圣 保罗大教堂，它是公元 1666年伦敦大火以后建造的， It looked splendid when first built!刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌。Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting.伦敦威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方，It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as
42、 Shakespeare.里面珍藏着一些已故诗人和作家的雕像，例如莎士比亚的雕像。Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour.正当萍玉从大教堂往外走的时候，她听到了著名的大本钟在整点敲响的钟声。She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queens house in London.她参观了女王伦敦住所白金汉宫的
43、外景，以此结束了一天的观光。Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!啊，她要同朋友们讲的实在太多了！The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time.第二天，萍玉姑娘参观了格林尼治天文台，看到了古老的轮船和那座著名的为世界定时的时钟。What interested her most was the longitude line.她最感兴趣的是那条通过天文台的经线。It is an imagina
44、ry line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation.这是一条假想的线，它把世界分成东西两半球，从而有利于航海。It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.这条线穿过格林尼治，萍玉就跨着这条线拍了一张照片。7The last day she visited Karl Marxs statue in Highgate Ce
45、metery.最后一天，她参观了伦敦海洛特公墓里的卡尔马克思的雕像。It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum.不仅如此，他还在大英博物馆著名的图书阅览室里工作过。Sadly the
46、library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone.遗憾的是，这个图书馆已经从原来的地方搬到另一座大楼里去了，而原来的阅览室也没有了。But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum.但是她感到最为震惊的却是博物馆里展出的那么多来自不同文化的奇妙宝物。When she saw many visitors
47、enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.当萍玉看到那么多参观者用欣赏的目光注视着古老漂亮的中国陶瓷和其他展品时，心里充满了对祖国的自豪感。The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.再过一天，萍玉就要离开伦敦去温莎城堡了。“Perhaps I will see the Queen?“ she wondered as she fell asl
48、eep.她边睡觉边想：“也许我能见到女王呢？”5.必修五 Unit 3 FIRST IMPRESSIONS 第一印象Spacemall: liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS太空邮件：liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008 (Earthtime)(地球时间)Dear Mum and Dad, I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.亲爱的爸爸妈妈：我现在仍然无法相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。I have to r
49、emind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.我得不断提醒自己，我真的已经进入到公元3008年了。Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. As a result, I suffered from “Time lag”.因为担心这次旅行，头几天我心里总是不踏实，结果我得了时间滞后症。This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.这就与你乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你的脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.因此，我一开始就感到神经过敏和心神不定。However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very understanding and gave me some green ta
