1、1.选修八 Unit1 CALIFORNIA 加利福尼亚California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。 T
2、he customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。NATIVE AMERCANS 美洲土著人Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as Califo
3、rnia, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。 However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by m
4、eans of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, man
5、y died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使许多人染病而死。 However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。THE SPANISH 西班牙人In the 18th century Califor
6、nia was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South Ameri
7、ca and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居
8、民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。 In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利
9、后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. 但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。RUSSIANS 俄罗斯人In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had origin
10、ally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. 今天，住在旧金山及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25，000人。GOLD MINERS 金矿工In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California.
11、 1848年,美墨战争后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距离最近因而来的最早的是南美洲人和美国人， Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed
12、. 随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事实上, 很少有人圆了发财梦。Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 许多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，大多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。 B
13、y the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候, 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。LATER A RRIVALS 后来的移民Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail ne
14、twork from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开始来到（美国） ，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在十九世纪六十年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns“ of Los Ange
15、les and San Francisco. 今天,加利福尼亚州各地都有美藉华人居住,尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有些酿酒工人。 In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of thei
16、r own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麦移民建立了他们自己的城镇，至今仍保留着丹麦文化。 By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世纪二十年代，电影产业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞建立了起来。 The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 这个行业吸引了许多欧洲人包括许多犹太人。Today Califor
17、nia has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. 今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的,而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。 People from Africa hav
18、e been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. 非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。 However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。MOST RECENT ARRIVALS 最近期的移民In more recent deca
19、des, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近几十年里,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。 Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 从20世纪70年代开始发展计算机工业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯
20、坦人的到来。 THE FUTURE 未来展望People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California 世界各地的人，由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cul
21、tural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为, 要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。2.选修八 Unit 1 GEORGES DIARY 乔治的日记12TH14TH JUNE Monday 12th, June6月12日,星期一Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. 清晨乘公共汽车
22、抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. 先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。 Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transpo
23、rt than horse-drawn trams. 缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁哈利迪发明的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式。 Apparently hed been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a trams brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it. 他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失
24、灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。Had a late lunch at Fishermans Wharf. 午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。 This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. 意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来到这个地区，并且在这儿开始捕鱼业。 Now its a tourist area with lots of shops, sea
25、food restaurants and bakeries. 如今这儿是一个旅游区了，很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊。Its also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay. 这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口。 Did so much exploring at Fishermans Wharf. Am exhausted and dont feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight!在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干
26、了。今晚要早点睡觉!Tuesday 13th, June 6月13日 星期二Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. 同酒店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉) 作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。Spent all day driving around the city. 一整天驱车游览城市。Theres a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. 有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。 It has blue and white signs with seagul
27、ls on them to show the way to go. 车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。Its a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. 这是一次79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。 Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. 途中多次停车，从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影。 Now have a really good idea
28、of what the citys like. 现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解。In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. 傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城。 Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. 中国移民于19世纪50年代定居在这个地区。The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. 建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部地区的古建筑一样。S
29、aw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. 这儿看到了一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆，还有美术馆和一个博物馆。Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. 博物馆里有关于中国移民
30、史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品，但是晚上关门了。Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.打算白天再来。吃了一顿可口的饭菜，然后步行下山回到酒店。Wednesday 14th, June6月14日星期三In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge
31、. 早晨，从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛，路上观赏了金门大桥。From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. 从1882年至1940年，天使岛成为一个著名的移民站，许多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigran
32、ts had nowhere else to go. 移民站的房间又冷又潮湿，一些房间甚至没有光，但是移民们没有其他去处。 Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. 悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由。They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. 他们在墙上写诗，抒发孤独的情感，痛惜以前在中国的生活。 In 1
33、940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. 1940年民政部门改革了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到机会定居美国。Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today. 这引起我的感慨，使我对今天的生活感到欣慰。3.选修八 Unit2 CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?克隆：它将把我
34、们引向何方？Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. 克隆一直与我们同在，而且它还要持续下去。It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. 这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。 It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. 当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。 It also hap
35、pens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. 这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。Cloning has two major uses. 克隆技术有两大用途。 Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produc
36、e commercial quantities of plants. 第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物； Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. 第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及在对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。 Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to underta
37、ke.克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。Many attempts to clone mammals failed. 克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。 But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough- the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。The procedure works like this:它的程序如
38、下图（略）所示：1.母羊（甲）提供一个卵细胞。2.在卵细胞中取出细胞核。3.卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。4.母羊（乙）提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞，该细胞应包含有生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。5.取出该细胞的细胞核。6.用电把母羊（乙）的躯干细胞核和母羊（甲）的卵细胞连接起来。7.细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。8.把胚胎置入另外一头寄生的母羊（丙）体内，母羊（丙）就是克隆羊的代孕。9.这头小羔羊就是母羊（乙）所提供的细胞核克隆而成的。On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successfu
39、l clone, Dolly the sheep. 一方面整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长。 The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 多莉看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。 Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more a
40、ppropriate to a much older animal. 研究看来的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上，这让他们很沮丧。 Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. 可悲的是，多莉只活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。 Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. 可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。
41、The questions that concerned all scientists were: “Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? 科学家们的脑海里产生的问题是“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢？Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?“ 这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进研究程序，问题会不会解决呢？”On the other hand, Dollys ap
42、pearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. 另一方面，多莉羊的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。 It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. 它引起
43、了争议，因为它突破打开了人们的眼界，看到了有可能利用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至还有可能克隆出人类。Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. 尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞很难获得，报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。Religious lead
44、ers also raised moral questions. 宗教领袖还提出了道德方面的问题。 Governments became nervous and more conservative. 各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎。Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid
45、 that cloning could provide. 有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富的医疗救助的证据。 However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.然而科学家们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向哪里感到困惑。4.选修八 Unit2 THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?恐龙的回归？The possibilit
46、y of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. 克隆凶猛和灭绝的野生动物的可能性一直使电影制片商感到兴奋。And they are not the only ones! 然而他们并不是唯一对此感到兴奋的人。The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixt
47、ure of fear and excitement into peoples hearts. 在侏罗纪公园这部影片中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。类似这样的电影很受欢迎，证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧。 But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. 但事实上，想要克隆绝种动物，我们还要很长的路程要走。 Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. 科学家们现在还在进行克隆哺乳动物实验，This is becau
48、se the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:这是因为克隆哺乳动物仍然还是一门新的科学，它是从20世纪50年代才开始进行认真研究的，如下表所示：1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a b
49、ison1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 Chinas first cloned twin calves1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dogFrom time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. 不时地会有人提议，克隆技术将有可能使地球上已经消失的动物（如恐龙）复活。 Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons.不幸的是，据我们现在所知这是不可能的，也是不合适的。其原因有很多： The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which give
