1、非谓语动词 1在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用 it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如 look, appear 等也可用于此句型。（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有
2、一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is to的句型。试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.2、 作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形
3、式宾语）注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句 +不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作
4、形式宾语。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、 作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+ 不定式（to do ） 。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带 to 的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer,
5、 encourage（2） 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）(3) There +不定式。如：We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像 regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We r
6、egard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词 feel （一感） ，hear, listen to（二听） ，have, let, make（三让） ，notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带 to，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off
7、 the tree.(3)help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to,也可以不带 to.I often help him （to）clean the room.I helped him (to) find his things.4、 作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to think
8、 of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little bab
9、y ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如 in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto 等。（1） 做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此以便 ）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.（2） 作结果状语，表事先没有预
10、料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3） 做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.（4） 做条件状语。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5、 作表语不定式可放在 be 动词后面，构成表语。如：The question is how to put
11、it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。2.当助于是不定式时，表语不能用 Ving 形式，可用不定式。如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）6、 独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、 不定式
12、的时态和语态1、 不定式的时态（1） 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2） 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3） 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.（4） 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一
13、直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、 省 to 的动词不定式1、 情态动词（除 ought 外， ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe
14、, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役动词 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、 He
15、lp 可带 to ,也可不带 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why/Why not8、 But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个
16、好人。I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try goingPaul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A learn B to learn C learned D learning四、 动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed
17、 by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never driveThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A not to B not to do C not do it D do not doThe patient was warned _ food before the operation.A to eat no B
18、eating not C not to eat D not eating动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一、 动名词的作用1、 作主语谓语用单数。It 代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use doing如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、 作宾语I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is
19、 fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit， advise 建议，risk，appreciate，envy 嫉妒，avoid 避免，consider 考虑，delay 延迟，deny 否认，dislike 不喜欢，enjoy ，escape 逃避，excuse 原谅、宽恕，finish 完成，forgive 原谅，understand 理解，give up 放弃，imagine
20、想象，keep 保持，mind 介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise 训练，put off 推迟，resist 抵抗，suggest 建议、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand 无法忍受，devote to(to 为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to 坚持，be used to 习惯于， object to 反对，be busy 忙于，fee like 想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of 害怕 give up 放弃(2) 只
21、能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出， promise 答应，agree 同意， refuse 拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心， pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish 希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。(3) 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like ，love，dislike ，hate，begin ，star，continue，prefer，cant bear/endure 无法忍受，cease 停止(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean
22、，regret，remember，stop ，try 等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, miss
23、ing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting答案：A(5) Need, require, want 作“ 需要 ”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth 也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、 作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cl
24、eaning and taking care of the child.4、 作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰 n 之前，为短语，放在被修饰 n 之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing count
25、ry =a country which is developing （2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个 for 的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 二、 动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the wo
26、rk ahead of time.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物动词 不及物动词主动 被动 主动一般时 doing being done doing完成时 having done having been don
27、e having done分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。 ）现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶一、 分词的作用1、 作定语（1） 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A
28、lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词 something 等要后置；个别分词如 give，left 等作定语也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3） 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定
29、语从句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written答案：DWhats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak答案：BP
30、rices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.答案：BWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading答案：D解析：reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作 message 的
31、后置定语，相当于 which read, pinned 和 reading 的逻辑主语都是 message，它与 pin 是被动关系，用ed 形式，与 read 是主动关系，用ing 形式2、 作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown bett
32、er.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(让步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)He came running to tell me the good news.(
33、方式)_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed答案：BThere was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light.A followed B following C to be followed D being followed答案：B_ , liquids can be changed into gases.A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat答案：C注意：（1） 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
