1、,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),1,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),2,知法Knowing Laws,在当今技术迅速发展的时代，人们往往注重技术的发展，以技术发展为“跟上时代”、加入“变革”的决策基点和衡量标准，而不重视技术以外其他的社会需求，忽略了与技术发展相适应的保护社会和人类自己的法律建设。人们为此终归是要付出代价和补课的
2、。 (Nowadays, people very often use the development of economies and technology as the gauge of modernization but ignore other issues, such as, establishing laws to protect themselves, the environment and the community. Society eventually will pay high cost for this oversight.),2018/9/27,Libraries an
3、d Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),3,知法Knowing Laws,法律应该是保护全体公民权利的。没有法律不行，有法不依也不行。法律不顺应民意和社会的发展，公民有权反对和修该它。立法以后不知道法律的具体内容，也无从谈起知法、执法和修改。 法律不仅仅是法律工作者所掌握的，也是每一个公民和社会机构应该了解关注的，尤其是那些与其工作领域和切身利益息息相关的法律。 图书馆是这样一个机构，不仅要遵守法律，而且我们收集/收藏法律，向全体公民宣传/传播法律、并参与法律建设。(Laws are for establishi
4、ng and protecting the livable society order and citizens rights and benefits. Every citizen and organization in society should be aware of the laws especially those closely affect them, be able to find the needed legal information and bring their concerns and cases for justice. Libraries are not onl
5、y the place complying with and enforcing laws, but also the institution to collect, organize and disseminate laws, and have our voice heard in the process of legislation.),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),4,知法Knowing Laws,法律是为了保护社会中人们的权、利。(Laws are o
6、f the people, by the people and for the people. Citizens/tax payers involve in every issue closely affecting their rights and benefits),法律是平衡各种权力的，不允许某一部分有绝对的权力；法律不是一部分人管理/监控另一部分人的。(To balance rights and not allow any part of society have absolute rights to other parts. It is not for one part to con
7、trol another part in society.),人人应该知法，尊重和遵循法律，有权参与法律建设。(Knowing, complying with and respecting laws is very ones responsibility knows in society. Legislation needs peoples involvement.),法律是为社会中所有人建立规矩的。(Law is to bound peoples action to certain actions.),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS
8、Project: Think Globally Act Globally),5,美国法律的结构Structure of U.S Laws,联邦法(Federal laws),州法(State statutes/laws),本地法(Local codes/ordinances),机构/组织章程(Institution bylaws),宪法(Constitution),宪法是法上之法。“一项违反宪法的立法不是法律” (A legislative act contrary to the Constitution is not law) -An Outline of American Governme
9、nt, Embassy of the US, 1981, p.56,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),6,立法(以联邦为例)Legislation (e.g. Federal),宪法Constitution,立法部门(The legislative Branch),行政部门(The Executive Branch),司法部门(The Judicial Branch),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Pro
10、ject: Think Globally Act Globally),7,立法过程概述How an Action Becomes a Bill (Brief),听取意见(public hearing),委任小组委员会进行分析(appointed a subcommittee To make detailed analysis),收到政府/民众组织专家报告(studies by experts from both Gov. agencies & public org. are recd.,要求国会图书馆立法参考服务处提供研究报告(Research reports from LC Ref. Ser
11、vice are requested),国会中的委员会(Committee of Congress),同意原来议案，很少有(favorably in original, rare)或修正后赞同 (amended and reported favorably)或全部改写和赞同 (completely rewritten & reported favorably)或不赞同 (unfavorably),参议院或众议院(Senate or House ofRepresentatives,-An Outline of American Government, Embassy of the US, 198
12、1, p.52,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),8,立法过程概述How a Bill becomes a Law (Brief),众议院(House of Representatives),参议院(Senate ),协商委员会: 由参众两院数目相等的议员组成(A Conference Committee composed of equal numbers of members from each house),总统签署或否决. 国会可以推翻总统的否决.(To t
13、he President who may either sign or veto it. Congress can override),-An Outline of American Government, Embassy of the US, 1981, p.51,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),9,法律是公开的Laws Open to Everyone,民众知道法律的途径：(How People Know Laws),法律公布于各级政府网页(On gover
14、nments web site),联邦政府印刷局 (Government Printing Office Online: http:/www.gpo.gov/ ),各级图书馆存储政府文件，专业政府文件图书馆员(Federal/State depository programs in libraries; professional government document librarians),图书馆利用各种机会/活动向公民展示图书馆有什么 (Libraries use every opportunity to promote library collections),各级图书馆协会的作用，行业
15、中的信息交流 (Functions of library associations; information exchange in the profession),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),10,图书馆在法中Libraries in Laws,对图书馆的法律规定是融合在联邦法律和州法律中的。例如，美国法典第二章关于国会中的第五篇对国会图书馆进行了详细的规定。同样，在各州法律中对州、市等各级地方图书馆给予了规定。 与图书馆相关的法律条款并没有全部包括在上述
16、对图书馆的规定中，而是在其他法令中参夹着。图书馆在其为用户提供信息服务中，则要知道哪些与我们密切相关，应该执行和关注，如，保护残疾人法案，版权法，和保护图书馆个人隐私的法律。(U.S. Libraries are established and regulated by various laws, for example, Sections in U.S. Code for Library of Congress State laws for local libraries Not all issues affecting libraries are under the title of li
17、braries. They are cross- filed in many different aspects in laws, for example, American with Disabilities Act,and laws on protecting personal information.),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),11,联邦法中对图书馆的规定Libraries in U.S. Code,在美国法典中，即联邦法律中，分别对国会图书馆，国
18、家医学图书馆，国家农业图书馆，政府出版物图书馆存储项目等进行了具体规定。 以国会图书馆为例，美国法典第二章关于国会中的第五篇中，有119个条款对国会图书馆进行了详细的规定，从建筑、地址，到财政花销，报销程序，图书馆长的任命和权限，国会文件的存储，赠书、国会和最高法院对图书馆应用和图书馆在这方面的配合服务，如，为参众议员查询资料、借书提供条件，其中法律图书馆部开馆时间要与每天国会开会时间保持同步；保安系统的安装与操作，等等。(U.S. Libraries are established and regulated by U.S. Code, for example * 2USC: Ch.5: L
19、ibrary of Congress; * 7USC.Sec.3125a: National Agricultural Library; * 42USC:CH6A:SUBCH.III:Pt.D: National Library of Medicine; * 44USC: Ch.19: Depository Library Program - http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/search.html),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),
20、12,联邦法中对图书馆的规定Libraries in U.S. Code,在美国法典中： 在教育篇下 (Under 20USC, Education, Sec.9122)，对图书馆和图书馆联合体进行了定义；对州立图书馆在为本州从联邦取得基金资助中的作用和要求给予了规定；对博物馆和图书馆服务委员会的成立，目的，任命，职责等进行了具体规定。 在版权法中 (Under 17USC, Sec.108: Limitations on exclusive rights:Reproduction by libraries and archives)，对图书馆等给予了特殊使用受版权保护资源的权限。 在电子技术
21、普遍服务中 (Under 47USC:Sec.254: Universal Service)，对通信手段和设备的提供和资助中，有关对公共图书馆的支持和要求，如，设立计算机安全措施，防止用户计算机看到猥亵、淫秽的图象，儿童色情、或对儿童有害的画面。 (USC: http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/browse.html）,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),13,加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）Libraries in CA Laws (Ex
22、ample),我们社会的多文化性和综合性所创造的对信息的需求，远远不是任何一个图书馆或任一种类型图书馆所能够满足的。 强调图书馆的重要性：州里的经济和民众的活跃离不开全体加州人的教育和及时有效地获取信息。图书馆是信息提供者，其主要职责包括支持加州经济发展，收集、组织和传播信息。 州内各种类型图书馆要合作互助，每个图书馆是州内图书馆信息服务整体中的一个信息入口。这个立法目的是保障所有加州人从当地图书馆获取他们需要的所有信息资源；州内任何地方的任何种类的图书馆能够参与为用户提供全州图书馆的信息资源服务。(CA Ed. Code, Sec. 18800-18802: Library of CA Ac
23、t : Our multicultural and complex society creates needs for materials, information, and services that go beyond the ability of any one library or any one type of library to provide. Because libraries are information providers, they have a primary responsibility for the collection, organization, and
24、dissemination of information supporting the economic development of California.” -http:/www.leginfo.ca.gov/）,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),14,加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）Libraries in CA Laws (Excerpt ),对图书馆类型的定义，其中包括：学术图书馆，公共图书馆，学校图 书馆，特殊图书馆 (Definition of ac
25、ademic, public, school and special libraries) 服务对象：为所有用户服务，包括残疾人，不讲英语者，不便出行 的人，边远地区的人，或是经济贫困户。(Serving diverse needs of all of its primary clientele, including people with disabilities, non-English-speaking and limited-English-speaking persons, those who are confined to home or an institution, those
26、 who are geographically isolated, and those who are economically disadvantaged.),图书馆获得资助，不允许有任何类似附加条件，如，收集、使用或排斥某特定书刊、电影、记录、数据库、照片、或其他形式的资源。 (Library of CA Act.: 18802:(c) To require that no library, as a condition for receiving funds or services under this chapter, acquire, provide access to, or ex
27、clude any specific book, periodical, film, recording, data base, picture, or other material or medium),http:/www.leginfo.ca.gov/,从房地产税中对图书馆资助的分配，不应该因对其他方面资助的增长而减少(the amount of property tax revenue deemed allocated in the prior fiscal year to a county free library system, or a library established as
28、 an independent special district, shall not be reduced for purposes of increasing the amount of property tax revenue to be allocated to another jurisdiction. - CA Revenue and Taxation Code 97.37a),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),15,加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）L
29、ibraries in CA Education Code (Excerpt ),建立加州图书馆服务委员会，由13人组成：州长任命其中9人，其中三人代表残疾人、英文不好的人、和经济贫困户，另外六人为：学校图书馆、机构组织的图书馆、公共图书馆、学术图书馆、特殊图书馆和图书馆；其他四人则代表上述以外的方面，其中两名要由州议会规章委员会任命，另外两名则由议长会议任命。任期为四年，从每年1月1日起。其责任为：采纳各种政策以执行州法中对图书馆的各种规定，作为州里贯彻落实联邦的图书馆法规的顾问委员会，(CA Ed. Code: Sec.18720: CA Library Services Board co
30、nsists of 13 members: Governor appoints 9 of members, they represent respectively: people with disabilities , limited-and non-English-speaking persons, and economically disadvantaged persons; school libraries, libraries for institutionalized persons, public library trustees or commissioners, public
31、libraries, special libraries, and academic libraries. The remaining four public members from persons who are not representative of categories mentioned in this section. The terms of office. Duty of the Board) http:/www.leginfo.ca.gov/,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globa
32、lly Act Globally),16,伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例）Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries（Samples),(Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75 75ILCS: Illinois Local Library Act;Illinois Library System Act; Chicago Public Library Act; Township Library Bond Act; Village Library Act; Library Property Sale Act; Library
33、 Incorporation Act; Libraries in Parks Act; Library Records Confidentiality Act, http:/www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=16）,在伊利诺宜州法对图书馆的一章中，包括了：州地方图书馆法案；州内图书馆系统法案；芝加哥公共图书馆法案(主要是图书馆大楼的准确位置)；镇区图书馆公债法案；村镇图书馆法案；图书馆财产买卖法案；图书馆法人组织法案；图书馆与社区活动中心法案；图书馆记录保密法案。,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in
34、the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),17,伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例）Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Excerpt ),- (Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: * Article 2: Libraries: Method of Creation; * Article 3: Taxation)http:/www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=16,伊利诺宜州法中对建立和
35、维持一个城/镇/乡图书馆的规定：要有 100个登记的选民联名提出要求，要求向当地当选官员提出后， 当选官员要将此要求向正式选举机构提出。 在500,000以下人口的城/镇，支持图书馆的资金不超过全城/镇 总地产税的0.15%;无论任何情况,预算分配比例不可超出城/镇 总房地产税的0.60%。城/镇还可以从其地产税拨出额外的0.02% 为图书馆购买地皮、建筑，或维修、装修。在这个额外拨款决 定后的15天之内，要将这项决定在本地至少一份或多份报纸上刊 登一次。在没有报纸的城镇，要在城镇中三个主要地方张贴公 开告示。如果在公布30天内没有居民提出质疑，或被确认所提 质疑无效，这项额外拨款的决定方可生
36、效。在500,000以上人口 的城市，不超过0.12%的城市房地产税,最多不可超出总房地 产 税的0.20%。,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),18,图书馆在伊利诺宜州地产税中(举例）Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example),图书馆,表明政府是如何使用房地产税的，与每个方面直接挂钩。居民据此可向当地政府表示是否同意。,一个芝加哥居民房地产税2006年帐单中的一部分A Report in a Chi
37、cago Resident Property Tax Statement,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),19,纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt),对州图书馆任务的规定：包括州图书馆是存储州里所有公共文件的中心。并要求州图书馆提出一个最多不超出25大类的存储州政府主要文件的一览表。(NY State Printing and Public Documents Law: Sec. 11:
38、 It shall be the responsibility of the state library to serve as the central repository for the distribution of all public Documents; and develop a list specifying which public documents are core documents. The total number of core documents shall not exceed twenty-five. ) http:/public.leginfo.state
39、.ny.us/,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),20,纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt),对印地安部落保护区图书馆成立的规定，由保护区政府要求和选举，可成立当地图书馆。并可以向州里申请资助装备和维护图书馆。在少于300长久居民或一千英亩土地的部落，不建图书馆。(NY Education Law: Pt2, Sec 255: Establishment of a public libra
40、ry: Establishing a public library in Indian reservation) http:/public.leginfo.state.ny.us/,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),21,纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例）Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt),图书馆服务标准：没有规定具体标准，而是指明谁有监督和建议修改图书馆标准的权力。对任何免费的公共图书馆，医院图书馆，印地安部落图书馆，
41、或任何从州里得到过资助、有地方税收支持的图书馆，地方政府有关官员有责任参与修正图书馆的服务标准。如医院图书馆或为医院服务的图书馆，建立服务标准应听取地方政府卫生属专员的意见。如果图书馆在建立标准时没有这一步骤，将不受到州里拨款资助，或从地方政府获取税收的支持。(NY Education Law: Pt2, Sec 254: Standards of library service http:/public.leginfo.state.ny.us/）,2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act
42、Globally),22,上述举例小结-包括项目Summary of above Examples - Inclusions,图书馆的定义、目的、建立和使用 (Library definition, establishment) 管理机构组成、任命、任期、和责任 (Library organization and responsibilities) 对州图书馆的规定，其任务之一是存储和允许公众查阅政府 文件 (Indicating one of the state librarys responsibilities is to serve as the central repository f
43、or the distribution of all public documents, for public use) 图书馆的资助和补助 (Finance support) 图书馆的联合互助 (Libraries cooperation) 为全民提供免费服务 (Open to public, Serving all people) 服务照顾弱势群体包括印地安原住民 (Serving vulnerable groups),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),23,
44、上述举例小结-不同点Summary of above Examples - Differences,列在不同的法律章节之下，例如: (Libraries are listed under different titles of state laws) 伊利诺宜州在其州法中列出图书馆为单独一章（第75章），包括了 成立步骤，资金来源，等。(Illinois Compiled Statues Ch.75) 加州、纽约州，对图书馆的规定则出现在多处，如，加州法律和纽约 州， 关于图书馆的条例多数集中在“教育法案”中；在 综合法律 中 (In CA, Libraries are mainly list
45、ed under Education Code; NY, under Education)； 伊州将保护图书馆记录列在了图书馆条例之下， 而纽约州则列在了“民事法和规章”之下。(Library Records IL: Ch.75; NY: Civil Practice Law and Rules Sec. 4509) 图书馆的结构不同：如，加州强调州内联合服务，建立州内借阅、传递业 务，其他州则没有。(CA: statewide ILL and delivery system, libraries of all types and in all parts of the state must
46、be enabled to interact ) 规定的细致程度不同，如，伊州给出了从房地产税中支持图书馆的具体百 分比，而另外两州，则交给地方政府去决定。(Details varies in different aspects in each state),2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),24,上述举例小结-没有包括的项目Summary of above Examples Not Included,没有包括在对图书馆的规定的条款中的内容 为什么没有包括在其中,
47、2018/9/27,Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally),25,制定法律需要考虑Making an Enforceable Rule/Law,是否与将受到影响的群体进行了充分交流 (Is communicated to those persons affected by it),是否是灵活的，随时代的环境的变化而不断修正的 (Flexible and can be changed as circumstances change),能够遵循，维护社会价值 (Can be followed (in keeping with values of society),
