1、Unit 1Opening Administration to the PublicCitizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunity to be a visitor at municipal(市政的) government meetings, thanks to the governments recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Measures for Inviting Citizens to listen to the Administ
2、rative Meeting, which （生效，实施）on December 16, 2001. 安徽省蚌埠市的群众现在有机会出席旁听市政府的召开的会议了，这主要是得益于市政府最近采用并制定的开放式行政管理的措施而邀请市民出席旁听政府的一些行政管理方面的会议。Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on administrative affairs行政事务. The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The li
3、steners can be deputies（代表） to the citys peoples congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, personages（要人，名流） of democratic parties, members of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They must be at least 18 years of age, and will
4、ingly to be a visitor at the meeting.邀请出席每一次行政事务会议旁听的市民，受邀旁听市民的人数是根据会议的重要程度而定的。旁听者可能是市人大代表、政协委员、民主党派成员、工商企业协会的成员和其他人士等等。应邀旁听人员必须年满 18岁，并且愿意出席旁听。Listeners can （通过?发表意见）the government office in a written form.旁听者可以以书面的方式向政府的有关部门反映他们的意见。Increasing Transparency增加透明度On the basis of （饮水工程） carried out in
5、some cities and countries, Guangdong Province has asked its governments at or above county level to open their administrative affairs during the first half of this year.在一些城市和国家落实贯彻解决群众饮水的问题，广东省要求县以上的各级政府在今年上半年里落实让群众旁听政府组织召开的行政事务会议的制度。All affairs relating to laws and regulations and to administrativ
6、e decisions that people must follow, as long as they do not involve secrets of the Party or the Central Government, should be open to the public. Contents are as follows: 只要不涉及到党和政府的机密，所有要求老百姓遵照执行的法律法规、行政决定等事务性会议，都应该向老百姓公开。具体可以公开的会议如下：-Strategy of social and economic development, work targets and th
7、eir accomplishment政绩 ;-Process for making big decisions and policies;-Financial budgets财政预算 and implementation 实施、实行-Distribution and use of special funds and the purchase of important materials ;-Major capital construction projects and their bidding;（重大资金建设项目）-Items of public welfare invested by th
8、e government;-Projects examined and approved by the government and their accomplishments;-The accomplishments of work the government promised to do for the public;-Law enforcement in relation to the interests and rights of citizens, legal persons and organizations;(与各种机构与法人、市民的利益与权利相关法律的颁布)-Handling
9、 of major incidents;（重大事件的处理）-Selecting and appointing officials, employing public servants and appraising of model workers, transferring workers and staff members in institutional reforms and other issues of public concern; 推选与委任政府官员、录用公务员与评选先进人物，体制改革过程中人员的调动以及其他公众所关心的事件；-Administrative functions a
10、nd the official duties; 管理职能以及官方的责任-Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well as the result;-Working principles, commitment and the way to 讼） activities, as well as the investigation results of the cases.Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various departments of
11、 the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required to open their internal system construction, work operations and management, specifically the self-discipline(自律) of officials; income and expenditure of the department; management of human resources, distribution of income to workers and staff
12、members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.Knowing government administration is one of peoples fundamental rights, and the opening of administrative affairs is the obligation义务、责任 of the government. The rule to open administrative information has become an indispensable part in the
13、 governments administration. In the meantime, opening government administration is also a main principle of the WTO, listed on most of its documents. After Chinas entry into the WTO, it was required to do better in this field. Chinas transformation of government functions that of its economic growth
14、.A fresh move, the opening of government administration still needs improvement. Experts the state to place great importance on the issue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and devising （制定）a law on opening government administrations. 第一篇：开放式的公众管理感谢政府日前的开放其行政管理的努力，邀请市民旁听行政会议
15、的建议被采纳并且在 2001年 12月 16日得到落实，安徽省蚌埠市的公民现在有机会出席参加市政府会议。 十位公民受邀请参加出席了公众管理事务的每一次会议。受邀参加这些重要会议的公民旁听者的数目是不同的。这些旁听者可以是市人民代表大会的代表，中国人民政治协商会议当地委员会的成员，民主党派人士，工商联合会的成员和其他人员。他们必须年满 18周岁并且愿意出席此种会议。这些旁听者可以以书面形式向市政府办公室提出自己的见解。越来越高的透明度在某些城市和乡村开展的飞行员计划的基础上，广东省要求县级及县级以上政府在今年前半年开放其行政事务的管理。只要无关党和中央政府的国家机密，有关法律、规章制度和要求所有
16、人遵守的行政决议的每一事务都应该向公众开放。具体如下：-社会、经济发展、工作目标及其具体实施的策略；-制定重大方针政策的程序；-财政预算及其执行；-特别基金和重要物资购买的分配和使用；-主要建设工程的资本和招标；-政府向公众的承诺及其执行实施；-有关公民、法人和组织的利益及权利的法律执行；-主要事件的处理情况；-官员的选举和任命，人民公仆的任职和模范工人的评价，机构改革中工人和职员的调任和其他公众关注的内容；-行政功能和公务职责；-工作内容、条件、程序、时间表以及结果；-工作原则、承诺和对违背承诺的上诉以及案件的调查结果。除了向社会开放行政管理事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部运
17、作体系，工作的实施和管理，特别是官员的自律、机构的收入和支出、人力资源的管理、工人和职员收入的分配及其福利待遇和其他事务。熟悉政府的管理是公民的基本权利，开放其行政管理事务是政府的职责。开放行政管理信息的规则已成为政府管理中不可或缺的一部分。同时，被书写在大部分的文件中的开放式行政管理也是 WTO的主要规则。在中国加入 WTO之后，对这一领域的要求也更高了。中国的政府职能的转换滞后于其经济增长。作为一项新举措，开放式的政府行政管理还有待很大的提高。专家呼吁我们应该并且给予特别重视来建立专门机构来处理相关事务，并且出台开放政府管理的相关法律。 Red-Title Document Open to
18、 the Public （红头文件（内参）对老百姓开放）At the end of last year, the Beijing municipal（市政的、地方的） government, located on Zhengyilu Road, placed a reception desk at the entrance of its west gate from Monday to Friday to receive citizens who come to subscribe（捐款，签署）to the Beijing Municipal Government Bulletin（公告，公报
19、）. Since the bulletin opened to the public in early 2002, the telephone at the editorial office has kept ringing. Many of the calls come from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang （捐款程序）.The bulletin, which contains government regulations, administrative orders and decisions, is popularly known as a “re
20、d-title document“ and is a mystery to most people, because it only reached leaders above bureau（局） level in the past.Wei Guiqin, director of the Beijing Huiyuan Law Office, is among the first to subscribe to the bulletin. “The public distribution of the bulletin helps us a lot in our job,“ he said.T
21、he governments of many other provinces and cities have also opened their bulletins to the public, including Henan and Shanxi provinces, and cities such as Guangzhou, Wuhan, Qingdao and Yinchuan. The government bulletins公报 are functionally(职能上) the same as other official documents.Shanghai was the fi
22、rst city to open its bulletin to the public. Since the beginning of last year, the bulletins have been sent not only to major institutions and enterprises under the jurisdiction（权限） of the municipal government, but also to 100 selected newspaper and magazine booths（售货亭）, 50 postal zones and 50 Xinhu
23、a bookstores, where citizens can get them for free. The bulletins have attracted the attention of many people, most of whom are lawyers and accountants. 对公众开放的红头文件在去年年末，坐落于正义路的北京市政府在其西门入口设置了一个接待处，从周一到周五接待订阅了北京市政府公告的市民。从 2002年早期政府公告向公众开放以来，社论办公室的电话就不断响起。其中一部分来自于广东省、浙江省、黑龙江省和香港特别行政区，这些人来电咨询订阅手续。作为被大众普
24、遍认为是“红头文件”的政府公告，包括了政府规章制度、行政命令和决议这些内容，对大多数人来说是很神秘的，因为在过去只有局级以上的干部才能接触到。 北京汇远法律事物所主任魏贵钦是首批订阅政府公告者之一。他说：“公告对公众的发行对我们的工作不无裨益”。许多其他省市的政府也对公众开放其公告，其中包括河南省、陕西省和广州市、武汉市、青岛市和银川市。政府公告和其他政府文件在本质上是相同的。上海是第一个对公众开放其政府公告的城市。从去年一开始，除了市政府管理下的机构和企业，政府公告也在 100个选出的报纸杂志销售亭、50 个邮政区和 50个新华书店发放，市民可以免费索取。公告吸引了很多人的注意力，他们中大部
25、分是律师和会计。 “Supermarket“ of Administrative AffairsFive years ago, Huang Songji, a laid-off(下岗) female employee in Nanjing, invested 50，000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, she was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant procedures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of
26、Administrative Affairs, and with guidance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all necessary procedures.What is the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs and how effective is it? The first supermarket was launched by the government of Xiaguan District, Nanjing City, in the residential communities of
27、 Xiaoshi and Rehenanlu（热河南路） on October 16, 2000. The government set up its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to 国内事务, employment, municipal construction, economy, handling of complaints and 法律执行). It indeed has supermarket featur
28、es of openness, efficiency and a variety of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other residential quarters followed suit a year later.The supermarket practices实施 a responsibility system to solve problems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision监督 and feedback proc
29、edures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citizens to learn about government administrative affairs, contributes to the governments efforts to open administrative affairs. Sun Wei, a “supermarket“ staff member, said that in the past, policies were locked in the office drawer. Now they
30、 are placed on the wall, clearly indicating problems and possible timelines for their solution. Furthermore, the telephone number to contact in cases of complaint against the behavior of “supermarket“ employees is also available to the public. Employees subject to customer complaints 收到顾客投诉达三次的雇员 ar
31、e given three chances, and penalties罚款 include criticism the first time, bonus奖金，红利 deduction the second time, and dismissal the third time.Since district government powers have been transferred to the “supermarket“, the service items are wider than those formerly offered by the residential communit
32、y, such as the approval of small loans to help the poor and victims of natural disasters; handling applications for subsidies津贴，补助 if their living standards is below the poverty line; granting licenses颁发许可证 to small restaurants; leasing newspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from the
33、se services, the “supermarket“ has also set up a training room培训场所, a low consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotline to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regularly visit the “supermarket“ to interact with the public in person.Many citizens have expressed t
34、heir satisfaction with the “supermarket“.“It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological distance between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in five supermarkets indicated that citizens are satisfied with the measures,“ said Xu Xueqin, who the publicity of the Xiaguan res
35、idential community.The “supermarket“ of administrative service in Nanjing has exerted a positive influence to the entire country. Similar supermarkets have opened in Shenyang, Shanghai and Fuzhou.The “supermarket“ in Shanghai, known as the Center of Residential Affairs, now has 80 branches in the entire city, offering more than 5
