1、上海交通大学出版社,第一册,应用型研究生英语系列教材,A Practical English Course for Postgraduate Students,研究生英语应用教程,2,Back,Next,Unit Five,Table of Contents,3,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage A,1. mortgageMortgage, in law, is a device for protecting a creditor by giving him an interest in property of his debtor. In common la
2、w a mortgage was a conditional sale, i.e., the mortgagor (debtor) sold realty (real property mortgage) or personal property, but if the debtor paid the debt by a certain time the sale was voided (失效). The mortgagee (creditor) held legal title, the mortgagor equitable title; both estates were salable
3、. If the mortgagor does not pay the debt, the creditor seeks a court-ordered sale of the property (foreclosure), and the debt is paid out of the proceeds.2. Alistair Darling英国财政大臣达林,Notes,4,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage A,3. stamp dutyStamp duty is a stamp tax method of collecting duties on cert
4、ain transactions by means of a validating stamp attached to the taxable instrument, which may be a judicial act, a commercial document, a transfer of property, or law proceedings. Such a stamp is to be distinguished from a postage stamp, which is not a duty but a simple method of paying the Governme
5、nt for a service rendered.4. council houseThe council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. Council houses were built and operated by local councils to supply uncrowded, well built homes on secure tenancies at affordable (below market) rents to the local population. As o
6、f 2005, approximately 20 per cent of the countrys housing stock is owned by local councils or by housing associations.,5,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage A,5. equityIn simple terms, equity is the amount of money you have tied up in an asset. This could be the amount you own/have paid off on a house
7、, you are then able to use the equity as collateral (抵押物、担保物) to borrow against. If you choose to take out a mortgage on your house then you will need to have sufficient equity to equal or be greater than the borrowing/mortgaging amount in question.6. repossessionRepossession is generally used to re
8、fer to a financial institution taking back an object that was either used as collateral or rented or leased in a transaction. Repossession is a “self-help” type of action in which the party having right of ownership of the property in question takes the property back from the party having right of p
9、ossession without invoking court proceedings.,6,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage A,Comprehension,Answer the following questions.,7,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage B,1. suburbanSuburbs are commonly defined as residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town. Most suburbs in the USA are c
10、ommuter towns with a prevalence of detached single-family homes. In many parts of the globe, however, suburbs are economically poor areas, inhabited by people sometimes in real misery, keeping them at the limit of the city borders for economic or social reasons like the impossibility of affording th
11、e (usually higher) costs of life in the town.,Notes,8,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage B,2. gentrifyingGentrification is the change in an urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class area. The area experiences demographic shifts, including an increase in t
12、he median income, a decline in proportion of racial minorities, and a reduction in household size. Industrial land use can decline with redevelopment bringing more commercial and residential use. Such changes often result in transformation of the neighborhoods character and culture.,9,Reading,Back,N
13、ext,Reading Passage B,3. subprime mortgage crisisThe subprime mortgage crisis is an economic problem that became more apparent during 2007 and 2008, and is characterized by contracted liquidity in the global credit markets and banking system. The downturn in the U.S. housing market, risky lending an
14、d borrowing practices, and excessive individual and corporate debt levels have caused multiple adverse effects on the world economy. The crisis has passed through various stages, exposing pervasive weaknesses in the global financial system and regulatory framework.,10,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passa
15、ge B,4. forecloseForeclosure is the legal proceeding in which a mortgagee, usually a lender, obtains a court-ordered termination of a mortgagors equitable right of redemption. Usually a lender obtains a security interest from a borrower who mortgages or pledges an asset like a house to secure a loan
16、. If the borrower defaults and the lender tries to repossess the property, courts of equity can grant the owner the right of redemption if the borrower repays the debt. When this equitable right exists, the lender cannot be sure that it can successfully repossess the property, thus the lender seeks
17、to foreclose the equitable right of redemption.,11,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage B,5. strip mallA strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area shopping center where the stores are arranged in row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit a
18、nd have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.,12,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage B,6. cul-de-sacA cul-de-sac is a dead-end street with only one inlet/outlet. While historically buil
19、t for more random reasons, its modern use is to calm vehicle traffic. Since the end of World War II, new subdivisions in America have made extensive use of the cul-de-sac. Typically, there are one or several central roads in the subdivision, with many cul-de-sacs of varying length branching out from
20、 the main roads, to fill all of the land in the subdivision. There are only a few roads (relative to the number of cul-de-sacs) leading out of the subdivision, usually into other subdivisions or onto major roads.,13,Reading,Back,Next,Reading Passage B,7. patioA patio is an outdoor space generally us
21、ed for dining or recreation that often adjoins a residence and is typically paved. It may refer to a roofless inner courtyard of the sort found in Spanish-style dwellings or a paved area between a residence and the garden.8. baby boomersBaby boomer is a term used to describe a person who was born du
22、ring the Post-World War II baby boom between 1946 and 1964. Following World War II, several English-speaking countries the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand experienced an unusual spike in birth rates, a phenomenon commonly referred to as the baby boom.,14,Reading,Back,Next,Reading P
23、assage B,Comprehension,Answer the following questions.,15,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,Brainstorming,Work in groups. Think out as many words and expressions as possible about the following topics.,Market Situationrecession market risk market slump_ _Price Reductiondeflate shrink fall_ _,financial cri
24、sis stagnation regression gloom depression market correction expansion progression advancement growth booming,decrease cut cut back cut down lower mark down scale (down) roll back minimize,16,Large Scalemassive vast substantial_ _,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,Price Increaseinflate rise increase_ _,nu
25、merous fat great colossal enormous gigantic immense mammoth voluminous monstrous monumental prodigious stupendous tremendous excessive,jump raise boost jack (up) put up augment beef (up) enlarge multiply plus swell burgeon mount run up snowball upsurge,17,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,Difficultypain c
26、hallenge difficulty_ _,hindrance setback hardship rigor obstacle impediment obstruction plight predicament quandary scrape emergency bother inconvenience problem trouble,18,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,Discussion,I. If you were planning to purchase an apartment but in short of money, among the four o
27、ptions of affordable housing schemes, which do you think is the most reliable option considering your unstable, meager income? Why?II. Compared with the schemes indicated in Passage A, are there any different patterns in the application of housing mortgage or loan in China?III. What are the respecti
28、ve attractions and drawbacks of living in downtown or suburban neighborhood?IV. Do you think todays Chinese and American house purchasers have similar or different overall tendency in their purchasing preference? What factors lead to these similarities or differences? You may borrow some ideas and e
29、xpressions from the following passage.,19,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,20,Speaking,Back,Next,Speaking,Tasks,Work in groups. The Ministry of Education banned college students from renting private accommodation off campus in 2007, but in some higher institutions, a student is allowed to rent a dorm exc
30、lusive to him or herself. Some believe it is a waste of the schools resources, but some applaud this conduct. Do you think college students should be allowed to have their own single dorms? Debate on this issue.,21,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,Tasks,Translate the following paragraphs into Chine
31、se.,A. So should you buy now? “Yes”, says Vaughan, “if you cant get a mortgage on a private property. Some lenders are still offering our buyers 100 per cent because its a smaller amount of money and we offer particular safeguards that are not available in the private sector. If you are at risk of r
32、epossession, we have a flexible tenure clause in the lease which means we can buy back your shares and you become a tenant. You can then repurchase shares when you can afford to. Falling values also mean you can buy more shares in your home very cheaply, so we anticipate a huge demand when prices st
33、art to rise.”,22,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,那现在买房子是时候吗？“是时候，”沃根说，“即使你不能用私人不动产获得抵押贷款。”“一些借贷机构仍会为我们的顾客提供100%的贷款，因为相对来说这只是一笔小钱，另外我们还提供私营部门所不能提供的特别条款。”“我们的合约中有专门的弹性使用条款来应对顾客可能面临的偿还风险，根据该条款，在顾客遇到偿还风险，财产有可能被收回时，我们可以买回股份使顾客成为所购买房产的承租人，直到顾客有能力偿还时，再从我们手中赎回房屋的所有权。”“房价下跌则意味着顾客能以较低的价格买下较多的股份，因此，我们预测在房价再次
34、开始上升时，迎接我们的将是巨大的市场需求。”,23,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,24,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,莱恩伯格说：“住在独门独户的房子里，上下班开车或坐车长途奔波，构成了郊区生活的典型图景。而有着良好教育背景的年轻的专业人士对这一切都毫无兴趣，他们纷纷搬到市区居住，从而使一度衰落的中心城区重新焕发活力。佐治亚州的亚特兰大，密歇根州的底特律和得克萨斯州的达拉斯都出现了这种变化趋势。” 这些年轻人寻求的是一种莱恩伯格称之为“步行城市”的生活方式，即居住在大城市的小社区内，交通方便，生活设施完备密集，人们去哪
35、里都不愁，从家里到公司，到餐馆，到剧院，只需步行即可。 这种所谓的新城市主义潮流萌芽于上世纪90年代中期，一直保持着强劲的发展势头。尤其是莱恩伯格称为“车行郊区”的生活方式所带来的种种问题，如能源费用的上涨，对环境越来越多的关注和健康问题的增多等等。“车行郊区”是一种低密度居住模式，自二战结束以来一直在美国占据主导地位。,25,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,Exercises,I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1.Congress has made laws requiring most
36、pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives. 2. In August 1974, the Institute was instructed to carry on its research on condition that the result of which did have a
37、 usefulness for market forecasts.,1974年8月，该研究所接到命令：如果其研究成果确实可用于市场预测，则研究可继续进行下去。,国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱、怎样花的，以及该款项的总额和来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。,26,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,3. With a view to successfully maintaining a balanced system implemented by a basically even distribution of Federal res
38、ources, Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable standards of administration. 4. So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past, the double victims of technology exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery; unfitted for life in the city because of the
39、 consequences of industrial mechanization.,各州先要有符合标准的管理制度，联邦政府才会拨给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府的财源基本上得到平均分配，确保实行一种平衡财政制度。,最终结果就是这些种地的贫苦农民无法摆脱过去，成为技术的双重牺牲者：由于农业机械应用日益扩大而被赶出自己的家园，而工业机械化又使他们在城市里无以为生。,27,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,5. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum whe
40、n in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 6. We have already seen the effect of this in Congress, where party plays a relatively minor role in the majority of issues an
41、d where, almost without exception, a large percent of each party is found on each side of issues on which there are differences in opinion.,上世纪50年代后期，美国出现了一个任何人都无法忽视的现象，穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的“经典”穷人，而大批毕业生正被迫加入他们的行列。,每个政党在大多数问题上产生分歧的时候，党内几乎无一例外都有大批人士分属于争论各方，因此政党所起的只是次要作用。我们已在国会中见到这种情形。,28,Tra
42、nslation,Back,Next,Translation,7. Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 8. Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer nece
43、ssary to depend on manual labor for a living and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with ones own hands.,许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人享有的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。,现在美国有一种奇怪的现象：一方面，人们为上升到不再依靠体力劳动来谋生的地位而感到骄傲，另一方面却又对能用自己的双手做成一件事情而感到由衷的高兴。,29,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,9. Better roads and better ve
44、hicles induced the wealthier classes to live in the suburbs of the cities. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards, concentrating manufacturing activity, business, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities, but pushing the homes outward even at the cost of the discomfort of comm
45、uting.,道路更加平坦畅通，交通工具更加高速舒适，使得富裕阶层开始到市郊居住。这一趋势目前正迅速向中下层阶级发展，使得生产活动、商业贸易、政府机关和娱乐设施都集中在市中心，而许多家庭不惜忍受上下班的车旅劳顿之苦，搬到郊外。,30,Translation,Back,Next,Translation,10. I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.,我认为，如果一个人思路不清，他写文章也不可能写得清楚；如果他喜怒无常，他的文章就会荒诞不经；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前的事情联想到一百件事情，又不能尽力克制自己，就会在文章里写满各种各样的明喻暗喻。,
