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心理需要、动机与挫折Basic Needs, Motivation and Frustrations,复旦大学附属中山医院心理医学科
张红霞,2019/7/17,2,2019/7/17,3,需要(needs),是个体对其生理和心理不平衡的一种反映,表现为对某种目标的渴求和欲望。它总是反映有机体内部环境和外部生活条件的某种要求,是反映客观需求的一种主观状态。
指向性、周期性、社会历史性。,2019/7/17,4,需要的分类,起源:自然性,社会性。
对象:物质性,精神性,社会性。
需要的层次理论(Maslow’s hierarchy of need)
生理(Physiological needs)
安全(Safety needs )
归属和爱(Social needs)
尊重与自我尊重(Self-esteem needs)
自我实现(Self actualization),2019/7/17,5,动机(motivation),是引起人类行为的直接动力,能够发动和维持个体行为。是在需要的基础上产生的。
动机比目的更为内在,更为隐蔽、更能直接推动人去行动。
动机的3种功能(p45):引发活动,维持活动,引导活动向目标进行。,2019/7/17,6,动机的分类,原始性动机(Primary)
饥饿
渴
性
母性
瞌睡
好奇,衍生性动机(Secondary)
恐惧
亲合
攻击,2019/7/17,7,Motivation-direction,Action are directed
In sight or future
Not only reflex machine
Control system,2019/7/17,8,Control system,Feedback system
Positive feedback system
Negative feedback system,2019/7/17,9,Self regulation,Homeostasis
Claude Bernard: Internal environment
Walter Cannon: Wisdom of the body
Temperature regulation,2019/7/17,10,Temperature regulation,Temperature control from within
Vasodilatation, sweating, panting
Vasoconstriction, shivering, fur-ruffling
The autonomic nervous system
The hypothalamus
Temperature control by behavior,2019/7/17,11,Thirst,Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Drink
Volume receptors (amount, pressure)
Osmoreceptors,2019/7/17,12,Hunger,Signals for feeding
Brain, stomach/intestine/liver, outside
Hypothalamic control centers
Dual-center theory, reconsidered
Food selection
Neophobic,2019/7/17,13,Obesity,Body factors
Metabolic efficiency
Fat cell in the body
Behavioral factors
The externality hypothesis
The restrained-eating hypothesis
The setpoint hypothesis,2019/7/17,14,Anorexia and bulimia,Anorexia nervosa
Fear of being fat
Fear of sex
Rebellion against parents
Bulimia nervosa
Depression
Contradictory attitudes toward foods,2019/7/17,15,Fear and rage,Parasympathetic system
Sympathetic system
Galvanic skin response (GSR)
Fight/flight
Digestion/sexual behavior inhibited,2019/7/17,16,Sleep and waking,Reticular activating system (RAS)
Cortex-RAS-cortex circuit
Sleep is one of the most powerful of motives
EEG,2019/7/17,17,In common,Level of stimulation
Drive-reduction theory
Optimum arousal above zero
The opponent-process theory
Pain---pleasure,2019/7/17,18,心理冲突(psychological conflict),趋-趋冲突(approach-approach conflict)
避-避冲突(avoidance-avoidance conflict)
趋-避冲突(approach-avoidance conflict),2019/7/17,19,挫折(frustration),是由于各种障碍而不能达到目的,或趋向目标的进程受阻或被延搁时产生的情境。
原因:环境因素、自身的局限性、心理冲突。,2019/7/17,20,挫折情境下的心理反应,情绪反应
愤怒
焦虑
恐惧
忧伤
沮丧
失望
绝望,行为反应
逃避
回避
攻击
自我防御反应
有关攻击的理论:
本能论
社会学习理论
挫折-攻击论,2019/7/17,21,心理防御机制,是个体应对体内外各种紧张性刺激、维护康宁的无意识的心理手段。是人们为了应付心理压力或挫折、适应环境而使用的一种策略。,2019/7/17,22,常见的心理防御机制,2019/7/17,23,常见的心理防御机制(续),2019/7/17,24,常见的心理防御机制(续),2019/7/17,25,常见的心理防御机制(续),2019/7/17,26,心理防御机制的分类,2019/7/17,27,Thanks,
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