1、Practical English Test for Colleges (Level A)高等学校英语应用能力考试（A级）,PRETCO A,Grammar,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. 虚拟语气,4. 时态,14. 词形转换,2. 定语从句,3. 状语从句,11. 倒装句,12. 强调句,8. 比较级和最高级,6. 分词作状语,7. 分词作定语,10. 同位语,9. 先行词 it,15. 词组,5. 被动语态,13. 动词+ -ing/-to do,一 虚 拟 语 气,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不
2、是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气,一、在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,例句If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I
3、would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你),虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,二、省略 if 的条件从句当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow,If he should fail in t
4、he experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,Had you come a few.,虚拟语气,三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟） 即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现
5、在干的就会容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。,虚拟语气在复合句中的应用：,虚拟语气,1、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望( wish), 建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等。2、除wish外，其它动词用should + do 构成, should 可以省略。3、 wis
6、h接宾语从句有三种情况： 1) 现在：用过去式 2) 过去：用过去完成式 (had done) 3) 将来：用情态动词(would / could) + do,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,例句1. I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 2. I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。3. I wish (that) you would get a good job. 我希望你能找到一个好职业。4. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。5. He
7、ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,4、记住：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气Insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 should + do;Insist 表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。Suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。Suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。例句The teacher suggested that we (should)
8、 clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 He insisted that he was right.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,在would (had) rather(宁愿) 引导的宾语从句中 当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。I would rather he/you came tomorrow t
9、han today.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish / desire)、建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用 (should) + do.Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time.,虚拟语气在 在表语从句中,虚拟语气,同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。The suggestion that students (should) le
10、arn something practical is worth considering.Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch.,虚拟语气在 在同位语从句中,虚拟语气,在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 例句Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should d
11、o so. 她这样做是很自然的。Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。,虚拟语气在 在主语从句中,虚拟语气,在as if /though从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).一、as if 连接表语从句 She looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的 He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.二、as if 连接方式状语从 句
12、 She looked after the boy as if he were her own son. 她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。,虚拟语气在 在 as if 从句中,虚拟语气,1. if only 意为：若是.那该多好啊; 真希望.; 只要, 只要.就好 表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态 If only I had arrived in time!If only she didnt drive so fast.2. Its (high/righ
13、t) time that that 从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should + do Its time that you left/should leave here.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,3. 一些介词短语, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), 等表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气 Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. But for my brothers help, I would not have finished it on time
14、. I had to do sth.more important,otherwise I might have helped.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,Alan _ the party if he had gone to London. A. would have missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed2.It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy.He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.A.not take B.shou
15、ldnt have takenC.didnt take D.hadnt taken,Exercises,D,A,虚拟语气,3. If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen4. Tom suggested that Ann _ the house. A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell5. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. wen
16、t C. has gone D. had gone,虚拟语气,6. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得饱), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get7. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been8. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any th
17、en. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent,虚拟语气,9. Have you ever been to Beijing? - No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had10. I dont think it is the right time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks
18、as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken,虚拟语气,12.Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _ your advice.A.followedB.would followC.had followedD.should follow13.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox L
19、ibrary in my hometown.A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallenC.should fall D.were to fall14.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it.A.hadnt spoken B.shouldnt speakC.wouldnt speak D.not speak,虚拟语气,15.It is high time the child _ to the hospital.A.is sent B.would be sentC.b
20、e sent D.were sent16.If it _ so hard，wed go to town.A.isnt raining B.werent rainingC.doesnt rain D.has rain,17.Its strange that he _ without saying good-bye to us.A.should have gone out B.wentC.should go out D.goes out,虚拟语气,18.Had you listened to the doctor，you _ all right now.A.are B.wereC.would be
21、 D.would have been19.Id rather you _ know the secret.A.didnt B.hadntC.not D.not to20.Without your help，we _ this task.A.dont finish B.will not finishC.didnt finish D.would not have finished,虚拟语气,21.Isnt it about time that you _ to pick up the visitors from New York?A.went B.would goC.go D.will go22.
22、I wish I _ you yesterday.A.saw B.did seeC.had seen D.were to see23.His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan.A.didnt agree B.hadnt agreedC.wouldnt agree D.not agree,虚拟语气,24.The father insisted his daughter _ a rich man.A.would be engaged to B.be engaged toC.should engaged to D.must
23、 be engaged to25.You _ earlier.The bus left a moment ago.A.would come B.should have comeC.must come D.could have come26.She made a suggestion that the plan _ carefully.A.be considered B.was consideredC.should consider D.would be considered,二 定 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句的分类,高等
24、学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中关系代词的选择,成分,关系代词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中关系副词的选择,1. when 表示时间2. where表示地点3. why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分。,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _ had once won a prize in a national contest. A. whose B. which C. whom D. who 2. It is important to prov
25、ide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company. A. from which B. on which C. in which D. for which,练习题：,D,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. Once more I have to leave Beijing, _ I have been living for eight years. A. that B. where C. which D. as 4. There is no evid
26、ence _ oil price will come down in the near future. （同位语）A. which B. that C. where D. as,B,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5. It was not such a good job _ she had read about in the advertisement. A. like B. which C. as D. what,such that引导的是“结果状语从句”,C,三 状 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,词例,含义,三、状
27、语从句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday. A. until B. because C. if D. since2. They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of different opinions. A. unless B. while C. before D. once 3. I will ask Mr. Smith to ring
28、you up _ he comes back to the office. A. when B. where C. because D. although,主将从现只出现在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,A,C,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4. They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa. A. will comeB. is comingC. cameD. comes,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,目的是,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5
29、. He was attending a meeting, _ he would have come to your party yesterday. A. unless B. when C. but D. or 6. She did not go to the party last night, _ she had to finish her term paper. A. if B. though C. till D. because7. Young _ he is, he has proved to be an able salesman. A. that B. who C. as D.
30、whichas构成的让步状语从句：名词词组/形容词+as+主语+谓语,Child as he is, he knows much about software programming.,C,D,D,四 时 态,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成时,has/have done,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系-表示过去的过去。,e.g. She told me her name after I _(ask) her twice.,had
31、 asked,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成（进行）时经常与since-词组或since-分句连用，表示“自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行某项活动。 主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），since-从句（一般过去时） e.g. I have lived in the dormitory, since I arrived here.,现在完成时,一般过去时,自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。,1. Since- 结构,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,by the end of by the time By the end of By the time,1. By the en
32、d of last month, we (find)_ a good solution to the technical problem. 2. By the time you come to see me next month, I _ my term paper. A. have completed B. complete C. am completing D. will have completed,had found,D,过去的时间，主句时态had done,将来的时间，主句时态will have done,2. by+时间,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It is / wi
33、ll be + the first time that 分句 （现在完成时）e.g. Is this the first time youve come to China? It was the first time that 分句 （过去完成体）e.g. It was the second time I had been (be) abroad.,3. “It is the first time +that 分句”,这是你第一次来中国吗？,这是我第二次出国,五 分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,不定式作状语*（）表示目的 e.g. W
34、e will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. （）表示结果 e.g. He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead. （）表示原因 e.g. He was lucky to have found the lost child.,五、分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ing分词作状语（）作时间状语 e.g. （When we were) Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a ma
35、gnificent view. （）*作原因状语 e.g. Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed all day. （）*作伴随状语 e.g. He ran up to her, breathing heavily.,表示主动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ed分词作状语(1) *作时间状语 e.g. (When it is) Heated, the metal expands. (2) *作原因状语 e.g. (Because he was) Deeply moved, he thanked her again and a
36、gain.,表示被动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers. A. attract B. attractedC. to attract D. attracts2. _ by the failure of the project, the manager could hardly say a word. A. To be shocked B. ShockedC. Be shocked D. Shock
37、ing,练习题：,C,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. _that I was not going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work. A. To realize B. RealizingC. Being realized D. Realized4. _ up at the clock on the wall, the secretary found it was already midnight. A. Looking B. LookC. To look D. Looked,B
38、,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5. _ to find the proper job, he decided to give up job-hunting in this city. A. Failed B. Being failedC. To fail D. Having failed 6. When (ask) _ about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success.,D,asked,六 分词作定语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学
39、校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,六、分词作定语,-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：1. 现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系) 和进行”。e.g. There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,2. 过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰的是承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。e.g. Computers imported from abroad are
40、usually more expensive. e.g. A lost opportunity never returns. 注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. Writing B. written C. to write D. to be written 2. The conference _ in Beijing
41、next week is bound to be a great success. A. holding B. being heldC. to hold D. to be held,练习题：,B,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. With the help of the police, the woman finally found her (lose) _ child after a sleepless. 4. It was in his childhood that he read most of the books (write) _ by Mark Twain. 5.
42、The tall building (complete) _ last month is our new classroom building.,lost,written,completed,七 形容词、副词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,七、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Successful companies concentrate (much) _ on selling their products to
43、 their existing customers than to their new ones. 2.The guest paid (little) _ money than he should for the room. 3.The price of petrol is much (high) _ now than it was this time last year.,填空题：,more,less,higher,八 先行词it,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,八、先行词 it it充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式
44、结构、-ing分词或名词性分句。,形式主语,1. _ is reported in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not made any progress. A. That B. What C. It D. As,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,练习题：,3. They regard _ as their duty to provide the best service for their customers. A. this B. what C. it D. that,形式宾语,2. It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony. A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited,
