1、1直接引语和间接引语引述或转述别人的话称为“引语” 。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? 1、人称的转变 1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” He said that he was very sorry. 2）直接引语中的第二人称，如
2、果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son that she would check his homework that ni
3、ght. 4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 2、时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的
4、谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下： “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” Tom said that they were listening to the pop music. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before
5、 you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus. “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. The teacher a
6、sked why she had refused to go there. Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” Tom said that they were having a football match that
7、 time the day before. He said，“I havent heard from my parents these days.” He said that he hadnt heard from his parents those days. 3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况 1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： He always says, “I am tired out.” He always says that he is tired out. 2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： He will say, “Ill try my be
8、st to help you.” He will say that he will try his best to help me. 3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.” He told us that he went to college in 1994. 4）当直接引语中有以 when, while 引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如 ： He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” He said that w
9、hen he was a child, he usually played football after school. 5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如： He said，“Practice makes perfect.” He said that practice makes perfect. 7）当直接引语中有情态动词
10、 should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need 时，如： The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water. He said, “She must be a teacher.” He said that she must be a teacher. He said, “She ought to have arrived
11、her office by now.” He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then. The teacher said, “You neednt hand in your compositions today.” 2The teacher said we neednt/didnt need to/didnt have to hand in our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?” She asked if she had to take the med
12、icine. 注：此处用 had to 代替 must 更好 Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon. Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor? Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon. 4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化 直接引语 间接引语指示代词 this/these that/thosenow thentoday that daytonight that nightthis wee
13、k (month) that week (month)yesterday the day beforelast week (month) the week (month)beforetwo weeks (month)ago two weeks (months)beforetomorrow the next day时间状语next week (month) the next week (month)地点状语 here therecome go动词 bring takeHe said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。 ”He said
14、that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。He sai
15、d, “It is nine oclock now.”他说：“现在九点了。”He said that it was nine oclock then.他说那时九点了。He said, “I havent seen her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”He said that he hadnt seen her that day .他说那天他没有见到她。She said, “I went there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”She said that she had gone there the day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。She said,
16、“Ill go there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”She said that she would go there the next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。 ”He said that his sister had been there three days before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。 (herethere; agobefore)She said, “I will come here this evening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿
17、。”She said that she would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（ comego；herethere ；thisthat ）以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here 就不必改为 there, come 也不必改为 go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday 或 tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。Father said,“I am free this afternoon ”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。
18、”3Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父亲说他今天下午有空。He said, “I am going there tomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”He said that he was going there tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。巧记:去掉引号加 that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1）陈述句。用连词 that 引导，that 在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替，注意，可以说 said that, s
19、aid to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说 told that, 如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.” He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说 told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat, whis
20、per, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think 等，又如： He said，“Im late because of the heavy traffic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic. 如果间接引语是由 that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.
21、” The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中谓语动词said 要改为 asked（me/him/us 等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?” He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunci
22、ation. He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. 3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用 whetheror表达，而不用 ifor，也不用 eitheror. 如： He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke English or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I
23、 asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（ sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： He asked，“Whats your name?” He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been buil
24、t in our country. 5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带 to 的不定式表达，谓语动词常是 ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request 等。如 ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： He said，“Be seated, please.” He asked us to be seated. “Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. He told
25、me to be careful with my handwriting. “Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again. “Dont touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permissio
26、n. 6）有些含有“建议” 、“劝告”的祈使句，可用 suggest, insist, offer 等动词转述，如： He said, “Lets have a rest.” He suggested our having a rest. He said, “Let me help you.” He offered to help me. 7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用 ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如： “Would you mind opening the door?”
27、 he asked. He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. He advised us to go out for a walk. 或 He suggested we go out for a walk. 8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用 what 或 how 引导，也可用 that 引导，如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!” She said what a lovely day it was. 或 She said that it w
28、as a lovely day.即学即练1. He asked _ for the computer.A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _.A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the filmC. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film43. “Please
29、 close the window,” he said to me. He _ me _ the window.A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _.A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is
30、very naughty.” He _- very naughty.A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy isC. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was6. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked.She asked _.A. if I have already got well, hadnt you B. whether I h
31、ad already got wellC. have I already got well D. had I already got well.7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?”He asked me _.A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League memberC. if I was a Party member or a League member D. whether was I a Party
32、member or a League member.8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _.A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting alongC. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along9. He asked me _ with me.A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. whats the matter D. what was the matter10.
33、 He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again.A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; dont do C. told me; dont do D. told me; not to do11. 我告诉他我丢了钱并会找到这笔钱。12. 她问我第二天有没有空。13. 我问她第二天去哪里去干什么。14. 他爸爸告诉他不要穿着新外套去爬树。15. 这个陌生人问我的名字是什么。16. 他说:“我把书落在你房间了。“17. 她说:“他会很忙的。“18. 她对汤姆说:“ 你能帮我吗?“19. “Where do
34、es your chemistry teacher live, Karen?“ the young man asked.520. “I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,“ the little boy said happily.21. “Light travels faster than sound,“ the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.22. “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?“ Ma
35、ry asked me.23. “What did you do here yesterday?“ the old man asked my brother.24. She asked what was the matter with me.25. He asked me if I was sure about that.1.D。 宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 2.D。一般疑问句要变成 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句. 3.C。直接引语为祈使句, 变间接引语时 , 主句中的谓语动词往往根据直接引语的口气换用 ask (请求), tell (告诉), order (命令 ), invite
36、 (邀请), warn (警告), advise (建议) 等, 而直接引语中的谓语动词要变成动词不等式。即ask/tell/order/invite/warn/advise sb. (not) to do sth. 4.D。直接引语为陈述句, 变间接引语时用 that 引导( 口语中常省略 )。 5.C。从语境中推知用“tell sb that 从句- ”句型。 6.B。反意疑问句要变成 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句。7.C。选择疑问句要变成 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句。8.C。直接引语为特殊疑问句, 变间接引语时, 用特殊疑问词引导, 并将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序
37、。9.D。注意时态的一致。What 作主语，the matter（=wrong）作表语。10.D。直接引语为祈使句, 变间接引语时, 主句中的谓语动词往往根据直接引语的口气换用。 .11. I told him that I had lost my money and that I would find it.12. She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.13. I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.14. His
38、father told him not to climb that tree in his new coat.15. The stranger asked me what my name was.16. He said, “Ive left my book in your room.“17. She said, “He will be very busy.“18. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?“19. “卡伦, 你的化学老师住在哪里 ?“年轻人问道。20. 小男孩高兴地说:“ 我在数学竞赛中得了第一名。“21. 物理老师对学生说:“ 光比声音的传播速度要快。“22. 玛丽问我:“ 你今晚和我一起去音乐会吗?“23. 老人问我哥哥:“ 昨天你在这儿干什么?“24. 她问我是否有什么问题。25. 他问我是不是对那件事很确定。
