1、Bibliography Formats A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speechincluding Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There
2、are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formatsfrom the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)are provided below.Book: Single AuthorMLA Ramos,
3、Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005.APA Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins.Book: Two or More AuthorsMLA Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue E
4、conomist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.APA Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow.Book: Second or Later EditionMLA Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find
5、 & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004.APA Fishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo.Book: Corporate AuthorMLA Mayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Womens Can
6、cers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005.APA Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to womens cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information.Book: Anthology or CompilationMLA Sloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Pres
7、s, 2001.APA Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.Chapter in Anthology or CompilationMLA Lucas, Stephen E. “Public Speaking.“ Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.APA Lucas, S. E. (2001). Pu
8、blic Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press.Signed Magazine ArticleMLA Johnson, Steven. “Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?“ Discover July 2005: 38-43.APA Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video ga
9、mes: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43.Unsigned Magazine ArticleMLA “Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail.“ Economist 19 Feb. 2005: 70.APA Banking for native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70.Journal Article, Continuous PaginationMLAMolinsk
10、y, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. “Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures.“ Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395.APAMolinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cr
11、acking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395.Journal Article, Noncontinuous PaginationMLA Gmez, Christina. “Latino Diversity and Political Representation.“ Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies 1.2 (
12、2004): 19-32.APA Gmez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32.Signed Newspaper ArticleMLA Elliot, Andrea. “In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination.“ New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.APA Ellio
13、t, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A.Unsigned Newspaper ArticleMLA “Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups.“ Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6.APA Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 1
14、6). Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6.Signed Newspaper EditorialMLA Reyes, Raul A. “Cinco de Mayo and Social Security.“ Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A.APA Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security Editorial. USA Today, p. 13A.Unsigned Newspaper EditorialMLA “Sesam
15、e Streets Private Road.“ Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8.APA Sesame streets private road Editorial. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8.Government PublicationMLA United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment OpportunitySta
16、tus and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004.APA U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunityStatus and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Signed Article in Reference WorkMLA Alvarez-Smith, Alma. “Pantoja, Antonia.“ Encyclopedia of La
17、tino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chvez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.APA Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Unsigned Article in Reference WorkMLA “Pinchbac
18、k, Pinckney Benton Stewart.“ African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004.APA Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File.Personal InterviewMLA Velasque
19、z, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005.APA A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005)Letter or E-Mail CommunicationMLA Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005.APA M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005)Speech or LectureMLA Huang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution
20、. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005.APA Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution Lecture. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida.Television ProgramMLA “Medical Tourists.“ Narr. Bob Simon. I. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005.APA O
21、lian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists Television broadcast. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System.FilmMLA The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004.APABeauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis
22、 Till Motion picture. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022)Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted OnlineMLAFrith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. “The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Womens Magazine Advertising.“
23、 Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. 27 Apr. 2005 .APAFrith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of womens magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from http:/joc.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/55/1
24、/56.pdfArticle in Online Scholarly JournalMLAKelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan Dsouza. “Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter?“ Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 .APA Kelsey, K. D., & Dsouza, A. (2004). Student motivation
25、for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from http:/www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.htmlOnline Government PublicationMLAUnited States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration
26、. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 .APAUnited States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved May 13,
27、 2005, from http:/www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdfOnline Newspaper ArticleMLAWulfhorst, Ellen. “Study: Blogs Havent Displaced Media.“ Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 .APA Wulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs havent displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, f
28、rom http:/Online EditorialMLAKinsley, Michael. “Remember: You Cant Swat a Fly with a Computer.“ Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .APAKinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You cant swat a fly with a computer Editorial. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http:/ Magazine
29、 ArticleMLA Herper, Matthew. “Race-Based Medicine Arrives.“ F 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .APA Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-based medicine arrives. F. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from http:/ Accessed from Online ServiceMLAMcCartney, Anthony. “Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers.“ Tampa Tribune 9 Feb.
30、 2005: 9. Academic Universe: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005 .APA McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers. Tampa Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database.Online Document from BroadcastMLA “Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery.“ CNN.com. 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 .APAPaleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13). Cable News Network. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from http:/
