1、论文中的引用格式1.1 间接引用 （citations）A. 如果引用只涉及一个作家的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。例: It has been argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal condition that can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976
2、).B. 如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已经出现在行文中, 只需要在名字后面加上括弧, 填入出版时间即可。例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwins success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor. C. 如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwins most effective metaphors.D. 如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏
3、注出来，在夹注中用“ 如超过两行, 则按直接引用规则 D 处理。例：In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us.” In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech.A child said What is
4、the grass? fetching it to me with full hands;How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out hopeful green stuff woven. F.引用小说如果论文是有关小说评论，因一般都需从同一小说中反复引用，为方便起见，在第一次引用后用圆括弧注明页码，再加一个尾注，用上标标出。尾注说明格式如下例。以后每次从该小说引用后， 只注明页码即可, 毋需再加
5、尾注。例：In six months time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1尾注格式: 1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from : Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford: OUP. 1991G.如要对直接引文进行某些省略，省略部分如在引文中间，用英语省略号表示；如省略发生在一个完整句之后, 除非后面还有引文，否则毋需省略号，如下面第二例。例： 原文: I
6、n the western farm states the Granger movement, organized in 1869 as The Patron of Husbandry, was able to force regulatory legislation through some state legislatures.省略后的引用: According to Margaret G. Meyers, “the Granger movement . . . was able to force regulatory legislation through some states leg
7、islatures.” 原文: A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen, philosophers and divine. 省略后的引用: Emerson advocated the courage to change ones mind when he said that “a little foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” （原文中的逗号也省去）为了合乎语法的需要，可以改变引文句首的大小写，
8、当然也可保持原来的大小写不变。例：Kitto asserts, “the Greek instinct was the opposite, to take the widest view.” (引文中的第一个冠词大写的 T 改为小写 t)除上述规则 G 外，如要对直接引语做任何你认为是必要的改动，都必须加以说明，说明加方括弧。一般有以下几种情况：a. 如引文中本身有错误，可以在错误的后面立即加方括弧来改正错误，或是在引文结束的地方用方括弧加“sic” ， （“sic”在拉丁文中是“原文如此”的意思）例：Doe added, “the affects effects of radiation e
9、xceeded our estimates.”John Doe explained, “The results of the 1988 experiment were quite amassing sic.” （原文中的时间上出错，正确的时间应是 1986 年。 ）b. 用方括弧加说明表示是原文中就有斜体的强调部分或是自己加上的斜体以示强调：例：Rubin (1987) more explicitly states the importance of studying students beliefs in her review of the research on learner strat
10、egy: to better understand how learner strategies come to be used, it is essential that we account for a Learners knowledge about language and his/her beliefs about the learning process because his knowledge can form the basis for selecting and activating one strategy over another italics added (p. 1
11、9).c. 如果担心读者对引文中的代词指代不清楚，可以用方括弧加以说明：例：In the preface, the author claims “This “The Three Languages” is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his father.”1.3 转引 (the quotation from a source other than the original)如果你的引用不是从原著中获得，而是来自二手资料，你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注明来源，在来源前加上“qtd in” 的字样。在参考文献目录部分，你就按引用的实际出处撰写条目。例：Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1958: 104).
