1、高考英语阅读理解推理判断题解题技巧阅读能力的考查不但要求理解具体事实细节,也要求理解抽象的含义,既要求理解字面意思,又要求理解其深层含义,包括作者的态度、观点、意图等;既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系,又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行推理和判断。推理判断属于高层次阅读理解,在解答时应注意以下几点:1.掌握常见的提问形式常用 infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose 等词提问,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如:can, could, might, would 等何其他表示可能性的
2、副词或词组,如 probably, most likely 等。2. 解题思路做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外音”.在阅读是要抓住文章的主题和细节,分析文章结构,根据上下文内在联系,挖掘文章的深沉含义。首先在进行推理时,要仔细阅读短文,千万不可脱离原文而凭个人的看法,主观臆断。其次对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机。事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的推断。推理分析,进一步增强理解能力,抓住材料实质性的东西。再次,在解答推理问题时,应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行判断
3、,还是针对主题思、作者的意图进行判断。针对细节的推断可运用略读的方法,迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后在进行推理判断。针对主题思想进行判断时,其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想,然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系,区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect),主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)3.推理题的解题方法(1)抓住特定的信息进行逆向或正向推理做此类试题时,要善于某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理判断,利用逆向思维或正向推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。(2)整合
4、全文(段)信息进行推断做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来进行推理判断,确定最佳结论。(3) 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点几发展变化,从而进行正确的逻辑判断很有好处。(4)根据文章的结论推断作者的态度作者的态度、倾向是作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物
5、或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文章中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。(5)根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按照事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系、对比关系来描写。(6) 结合自己已有的知识进行推断知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分
6、析、推敲,从而得出符合文章意思的结论的的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有充分的理解下面就这五大类型的失分点进行剖析和例证。1. 细节推断题:要求考生根据语篇关系,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。典例:2011 年广东卷 A 篇Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way. But those are
7、 and far between. More often, it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.29 In this passage, the author advises us to _.A. handle problems by ourselves B. accept help from othersC. admit our weakness D. show our bravery解析答案是
8、 C。本小题是问从文章最后一段中推断出作者对我们的建议是,根据上面文章所提供的信息:it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared。由此细节,我们可以推断出我们应该承认我们的“weakness”2. 因果推断题:要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵,理解文章的真正含义。典例:2013 年广东卷 DWhile Jennifer was at hose taking an onl
9、ine exam for her business law class, a monitor(监控器)a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.Using a web camera equipped in Jennifers Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved form the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possib
10、le helper in the room. Her Internet access was locked remotely to prevent Internet searches , and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was: Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?In the battle against cheating
11、 , this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that the
12、ir exams and diplomas are valid that students havent just searched the Internet to get the right answers.41. Why was Jennifer watched in an online exam ?A.To correct her typing mistakes. B.To find her secrets in the room.C To prevent her form slowing down. D.To keep her from dishonest behaviors.解析答案
13、是 D 由第三段第一句 In the battle against cheating 可知,前面两段对Jennifer 在家考试中受监控器的监控的具体描述是为了防止她作弊。从这两句话就可以推断原因了。3. 人物性格、态度及观点判断题:高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要注意:由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点;特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言,以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措词,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词;能结合自
14、己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。典例: 2013 年 A 篇The day before his third trip to the operating room, Tom was terribly afraid. “Maybe I could go as Superman,” he whispered to his mom. Hearing this, the mother hesitated for a while. She had avoided buying the expensive costume(戏装), finally she agreed.2
15、7. What can be inferred about Toms mother?A. She was a rich lady B. She refused Toms requestC. She wanted Tom to be a superhero D. She wanted to get Tom through the pain解析 . 答案是 D 由第三段 Hearing this, the mother hesitated for a while. She had avoided buying the expensive costume(戏装), finally she agree
16、d.可知,她并不富有,但最终还是同意了 Tom 的请求,为他购买昂贵的戏装,由此推断,她是希望 Tom 能度过痛苦关。由 had avoided buying the expensive costume 可排除选项 A;由 finally she agreed 可排除选项 B;她同意为他购买昂贵的戏装其目的不是希望他真正成为超人,故排除选项 C。4. 预测想象推理题:有些内容文章中没有明确说明,要求考生根据语篇,对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写,也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述),从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预
17、测。典例:2012 年广东高考模拟预测卷 A 篇The city of Rome has passed a new to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs. 36. The new law passed in Rome will _A. help improve fishing environment B. guarantee better conditions for goldfishC. stop people fr
18、om catching goldfish D. discourage keeping goldfish at home解析答案是 B。文章第一段指出罗马通过了一项新的法律,禁止对动物的残忍行为,不允许再用鱼缸饲养金鱼。由此可推断,这项新的法律会确保金鱼有更好的生存条件。5. 写作意图推测题:此题型要求考生根据文章的论述,推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象,客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。典例:2013 年广东卷 A 篇Ima
19、gination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein, in his book If I Make It to Five, tells a story he heard from one of his friends about Tom, a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operati
20、ons and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.30.What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us an interesting story. B. To help us make right decisions.C. To advise us to care about children. D. To encourage us to use our imagination.解析答案是 D。目的题。由文章首句 Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear.可全文末句 So, let your imagination run wild, and dare to dream 可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励我们运用我们的想象力判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动,但它并非无章可循,可以在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,吃透文章的字面意思,对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,把握句、段之间的逻辑关系。然后通过分析、综合、判断等方法进行深层处理,这样就可以做出符合逻辑的推理判断。