1、1句子结构及成分 相关概念1.词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母 原词 代表词性 缩写字母 原词 代表词性n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词adj. adjective 形容词 adv. adverb 副词num. numeral 数词 i
2、nterj. interjection 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词 prep. preposition 介词art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open 后面没跟宾语，此时， open 是不及物动词。 )He opened the door. (open 后面有宾语 the door, 此时，open 是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
3、有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk 不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词， “遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash 及物动词， “洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash 不及物动词， “耐洗”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，
4、可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen 为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填 vt.，不及物填 vi.。Most birds can fly.（ ） The children are flying kites in the park. ( )It happened yesterday.（ ） My watch stopped.（ ）The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )She spoke at the mee
5、ting this morning. （ ） Shall I begin at once?（ ）She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ） （ ）When did they leave Beijing?（ ） They left last week. （ ）3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I lik
6、e reading. （ like “喜欢” ，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。 ）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买” ，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。 ）2助动词 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和 crying 一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和 arrived 一起
7、作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （ have been 用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和 painting 一起作谓语，都是助动词。 ）帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does 帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does 只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are 帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。 )The house has been p
8、ulled down. (has been 帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did 只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成强调意义的He did c
9、ome yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did 起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为 do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did 单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句， do 是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has 是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时
10、，had 是实义动词，意为“吃” 。has had 一起构成了句子的谓语。)指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.Where does( ) he live ( )? He does ( ) some washing after work.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day
11、. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情态动词 情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can 的词义为“能够”) You must stay at home. (must 词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might 的词义为“或许” ）4.谓语和非谓语3在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式 ， 即：在前
12、面加 to 构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing 构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed 构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。Get up early is good for our health. 早起有利于我们的身体健康。I want go home now. 我现在想回家。My favorite sport is play football. 我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。There is a bird sings in the tree. 有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。The boy sits over ther
13、e likes singing. 坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。The house was built last year has been sold out. 去年建的那座房子已经出售了。The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。My parents wanted him work hard. 我父母亲想让他努力学习。I remember saw him that day. 我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5.主
14、动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：_ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. Having tastedThe food _ delicious sells well.A. smells B. smelled C. smelling D. is smelling一些同学分别选 A 和 B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从恢复成一句话后是“主动语态
15、”还是“被动语态”着眼。主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food s
16、mells delicious. 逻辑上food 和 taste、smell 是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。因此，上两题的答案为 C 和 C。6.逻辑上的主谓关系 在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说， “宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。“me”是宾语， “me to lend him some money”意为“我借给他一些钱” 。从意思上看，这像一句话， “我”是主语， “借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说 “逻
17、辑上的主谓关系 ”，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。 “to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填 T，不是的填 F)4I want him to come at once. ( ) He lent me some money. ( )He made the boy cry again. ( ) The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )Dont leave the door open at night. ( )7.复合结构 在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说 “复
18、合宾语” 、 “动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构” 。 实际上，这几个“复合” ，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party. (us 是宾语，to come to the party 是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合在一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)Its important for us to learn English well. (it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 for us to learn English well。 “us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语二者构
19、成了逻辑上的主谓关系。Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me 也是动词不定式的复合结构。与 for somebody to do something，you 和 to help me 构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。 ）Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom 迟到使我们老师生气。coming 是动名词，Toms coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom 是 coming late 的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。 )8.没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中 have、do 和 be
20、 的变化形式I have a book He has a book. They have a book. I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV. We enjoy watching TV. He is sleeping. I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化 ”是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人） ，be 在第一人称 I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为 does, has。
21、“数”是指“单数和复数” 。 “数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be 要用 are 的形式，do 和 have 用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be 用 is, do 和have 要用 does 和 has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如： He / I / We can swim.句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“ 同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾
22、语的一部分。划分句子成分时的常用符号1.英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线谓语 在下面画曲线宾语 在下面画双横线定语 在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉”谐音为“定语”的“ 定”）状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）5补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线， （虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如 the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等
23、表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor. When we are
24、 going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village
25、. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.3.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for
26、 two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students. Your idea sounds great.4.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语
27、一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one. His job is to teach English.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. The machine must be under repairs. The
28、truth is that he has never been abroad.5.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 6They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy li
29、stening to popular music.I think（that） he is fit for his office.6.宾语补足 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They
30、 painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time.7.主补 对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了
31、主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8.定语 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didnt like the man do
32、wnstairs. （楼下的那个人）形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say.
33、(直译：我有要说的话 )The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one. She carrie
34、d a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast.He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.7Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.A boy call
35、ing himself John wanted to see you. There are many clothes to be washed.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.9.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的
36、句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly. （修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked har
37、d at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.频度副词 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do. He is often late.He is always helping others. He
38、often came late.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。How about meeting again at six? Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. She put the eggs into the basket wi
39、th great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. The boy needs a pen very much. The boy really needs a pen. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She wo
40、rks very hard though she is old. I am taller than he is. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10.同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一
41、批“学生” ）Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office.8A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs. D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
