1、GRE阅读 (No. 2 No. 9) No. 2-1 SECTION A Extended debate concerning the exact point of origin of individual folktales told by Afro-American slaves has unfortunately taken precedence over analysis of the tales meaning and function. Cultural continuities with Africa were not dependent on importation and
2、perpetuation of specific folktales in their pristine form. It is in the place that tales occupied in the lives of the slaves and in the meaning slaves derived from them that the clearest resemblances to African tradition can be found. Afro-American slaves did not borrow tales indiscriminately from t
3、he Whites among whom they lived. Black people were most influenced by those Euro-American tales whose functional meaning and aesthetic appeal had the greatest similarity to the tales with deep roots in their ancestral homeland. Regardless of where slave tales came from, the essential point is that,
4、with respect to language, delivery, details of characterization, and plot, slaves quickly made them their own. 17. The author claims that most studies of folktales told by Afro-American slaves are inadequate because the studies (A) fail to recognize any possible Euro-American influence on the folkta
5、les (B) do not pay enough attention to the features of a folktale that best reveal an African influence (C) overestimate the number of folktales brought from Africa by the slaves (D) do not consider the fact that a folktale can be changed as it is retold many times (E) oversimplify the diverse and c
6、omplex traditions of the slaves ancestral homeland 18. The authors main purpose is to (A) create a new field of study (B) discredit an existing field of study (C) change the focus of a field of study (D) transplant scholarly techniques from one field of study to another (E) restrict the scope of a b
7、urgeoning new field of study 19. The passage suggests that the author would regard which of the following areas of inquiry as most likely to reveal the slaves cultural continuities with Africa? (A) The means by which Blacks disseminated their folktales in nineteenth-century America (B) Specific regi
8、onal differences in the styles of delivery used by the slaves in telling folktales (C) The functional meaning of Black folktales in the lives of White children raised by slave (D) The specific way the slaves used folktales to impart moral teaching to their children (E) The complexities of plot that
9、appear most frequently in the slaves tales 20. Which of the following techniques is used by the author in developing the argument in the passage? (A) Giving a clich a new meaning (B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms (C) Alternately presenting generalities and concrete details (D) Concluding th
10、e passage with a restatement of the first point made in the passage (E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the case and statements of what is the case The energy contained in rock within the earths crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been
11、 limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surfac
12、e but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems. As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts f
13、or creating HDR recovery systemswhich involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crustare being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDRs, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow pa
14、ths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock. The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150 , is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells dee
15、per than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100 may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200 are desirable.
16、 The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association
17、 of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.) Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gra
18、dient of 22 per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the c
19、oal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat. 21. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) alert readers to th
20、e existence of HDRs as an available energy source (B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDRs (C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDRs are not an economically feasible alternative (D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of ene
21、rgy from underground hot water and steam (E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy 22. The passage would be most likely to appear in a (A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States (B) co
22、ngressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States (C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources (D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources (E) pamphlet desi
23、gned to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems 23. According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22 per kilometer of depth can be used to (A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems (B) dete
24、rmine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States (C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States (D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States (E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the U
25、nited States 24. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the (A) possibility that HDRs may be found in that area (B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area (C) his
26、tory of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area (D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area (E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area 25. According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow (A)
27、 sufficient permeability (B) artificial stimulation (C) drilling of holes (D) construction of reservoirs (E) transfer of heat 26. According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22 per kilometer of depth, which of the following can be reliably predicted? I. The temperature
28、 at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity. II. Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible. III. Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E)
29、I, II, and III 27. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? (A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems (B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks (C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels
30、 (D) Tappable Energy for Americas Future: Hot Dry Rocks (E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality? SECTION B Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifica
31、tions, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the governments identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation o
32、f private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cov
33、er the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technologica
34、l activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applicationsfor example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle per
35、formance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members
36、 to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action. Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. Whe
37、n the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and
38、 sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them. Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease
39、: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were in
40、ternalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time. 17. The passage is primarily concerned with describing (A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development (B) technical ap
41、proaches to the problem of controlling market activity (C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers (D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections (E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum al
42、location of resources 18. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to (A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources (B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments (C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-sell
43、er bargains (D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values (E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare 19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally (A) are harmful when all facto
44、rs are considered (B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs (C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources (D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone (E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology 20. It can be inferred from the passage that
45、the author does NOT favor which of the following? (A) Protecting the environment for future use (B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business (C) Intervening in the activity of the free market (D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society (E) Causing technological
46、 development to cease 21. A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of (A) a specific directive (B) a market incentive modification (C) an optimal resource allocation (D) an alteration of a
47、 decision-making structure (E) an external cost 22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true? (A) All technology-control methods would be effective. (B) Some resource allocations would be illegal. (C) Prices would include all costs t
48、o members of society. (D) Some decision-making structures would be altered. (E) The availability of common goods would increase. 23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to (A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting fro
49、m the use of technology (B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum (C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments (D) predict the costs of new technological developments (E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices 24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development? (A) The government should own technological operations. (B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled. (C) Some technologi
