1、1英语定语从句的结构和用法一概念（定义、位置、译法）关于定语从句的概念，要掌握其定义、位置和译法等。定义 在复合句中，用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。位置 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放于所修饰的先行词之后。即 先行词 + 定语从句 。译法 含有定语从句的英语句子，译成汉语时大多把定语从句译为“的”放于所修饰的名词或代词之前，融汇于整个复合句中；但在一些非正式的说法中也可以把定语从句单独译成一句话，尤其是见于非限制性定语从句。例如：1）This is the black pen that he likes very much.可译为：这就是他非常喜欢的那支黑色钢笔。或
2、译为：这就是那支黑色钢笔，他非常喜欢它。2）My brother, whom youve met before, is a policeman.我的兄弟是一个警察，你以前曾经见过他。二结构 定语从句就像其它曾从句一样，一般都是陈述（句）结构。即：关系代词或关系副词 + 主语 + 谓语 v. + 其它说明：当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，定语从句的结构则变为：关系代词（即主语）+谓语 v. + 其它。三关系代词关系副词（位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略、译法）关于定语从句的关系词，要掌握其位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略和译法等。 位置 关系词一般是放于定语从句的开头。见上面例句中的 that
3、 和 who。分类 关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词 2 大类。见下表。作用 关系词作用有 2 个：引导定语从句连接主句和从句；代替先行词作定语从句的一个成分。各关系词的具体用法如下：关系词 在定语从句的作用who 指人； 作主语或宾语whom 指人； 作宾语whose 指人或指物 作定语that 指人或指物； 作主语或宾语关系代词which 指物； 作主语或宾语where 表地点； 作地点状语when 表时间； 作时间状语关系副词 why 表原因； 作原因状语选择 因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词，因此关系词的选择依据是先行词，即根据先行词指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因；逻辑上在定语从句
4、中2作何成分。见下表：指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因先行词 关系词逻辑上在定语从句中作何成分具体例子见第四部分各例句。转换 关于关系词的转换问题见第五部分的规定（主要指关系副词和关系代词的转换） 。 省略 关于关系词的省略问题见第三部分的规定译法 引导定语从句的关系词一般不可按照字面翻译！一般不需要译出！（有时也可结合先行词和定语从句翻译。 ）见第四部分各例。四各关系代词和关系副词的用法举例1）Whos the man ( whom/that ) we saw just now?2）The man who/that works in the office is a math teacher
5、?3）Mary is the student whose handwriting is the best in our class.4）The desk whose leg is broken is Jims desk.5）This is the student whose bike Tom borrowed.比较：This is the student whom/that Tom borrowed the bike from.6）A bookshop is a shop that/which sells books .比较：A bookshop is a shop where books a
6、re sold.7）Ill never forget the days when I studied there.比较：Ill never forget the days that/which were exciting.= Ill never forget the exciting days.8）I want to go to a place where the weather is warm.比较：I want to go to a place that is warm.= I want to go to a warm place. 9）We want to know the reason
7、 why he helps us.比较：We want to know the reason that/which is right.= We want to know the right reason. 五值得注意的问题定语从句的时态和主句的时态可以不一致，即定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制（这与宾语从句不同） 。例如上述第四部分例 1） 。又如：The man you saw yesterday will come here again tomorrow.关系代词 whom、which、that 在定语从句中作宾语时才可省略，作主语时不可省略！其它关系词一般不可省略！见第四部分的例子。关系
8、代词 whom、which 作定语从句中介词的宾语时，有时介词可提到 whom、which 之前。而关系代词 who（代替 whom） 、that 也可作定语从句介词的宾语，但介词却不可提到who、that 之前。例：1）Whos is the man (whom/who/that) you talked with just now?=Whos is the man with whom(who,that) you talked just now?2）The room (which/that) she lives in is a large one.=The room in which(that
9、) she lives is a large one.3关系代词 who、that、which 在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致，而不是和关系代词一致！（因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词） 例：1）I know the girl who/that is singing. 比较：I know the girls who/that are singing.2）In the river, there is a boat that/which look like a goose.比较：In the river, there are some boats that/w
10、hich look like geese 定语从句中要避免出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分。例：1）This is the book ( that ) I like it. 2）This is the man who/that he helped me. 3）This is the man whose his name is Bob. 也不可说：This is the man that his name is Bob. （关系词选错了，不该用 that。 ） 说明：以上三个例子去掉划线的词就正确了。 定语从句一般都是紧挨着先行词之后，但有时在先行词和定语从句之间也会插入其他成分。这
11、种情况往往在插入的成分和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。要注意理解。例：1）There are many thousands of stars in the sky, that are(is) like the sun.2）比较：There are many nice pictures in the book, that I like.在那本书里有许多我喜欢的漂亮图片。There are many nice pictures in the book that I like.在那本我喜欢的书里有许多漂亮图片。关系代词 that 与 which 指物时的比较指物时两者常可通用，但下列情况不可以换用：1.
12、先行词为 all, something(anything, everything, nothing), few, little, many, much, one of 等不定代词时，常只可用 that。例：1）Thats all ( that ) I know.2）Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?3）This is one of the presents ( that ) my friends gave me on my birthday.2先行词被 only、no、any、few、little、many、much、all、just、ve
13、ry 等修饰时，多用 that。例：1）The only thing ( that ) we can do is to wait.2）In the book, there are no stories that are exciting. 3先行词是序数词、adj.最高级时，或者先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰时，常只用 that。例：1）The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.2） This is the most interesting book ( that ) I have read.4先行词既有人又有物时，只可
14、用 that。例：The writer and his book that you talked about is really well-known.5非限制性定语从句不可用 that 引导，只可用 which（指人时，用 who 或whom） 。见第六部分。关系副词与关系代词的转换（这实质上是也是属于先行词的选择问题）关系代词和关系代词一般是不能直接转换的，但有时可以间接转换。例：1）This is the house ( that/which ) he lives in.4=This is the house in which he lives .=This is the house w
15、here he lives. 2）Ill never forget the day when they came here.=Ill never forget the day on which they came here.3）This is the reason why he is often late.=This is the reason for which he is often late.小结： 关系副词（when、where 、why） = 介词 + 关系代词 which 定语从句与 adj.、分词、短语作定语的转换情况定语从句有时常可与 adj.、分词、短语作定语转换。例：1）E
16、veryone likes books that are interesting. =Everyone likes interesting books. 2）The boy who is running is Jim.=The running boy is Jim. 3）The boy who is running on the playground is Jim.=The boy running on the playground is Jim.4）The girl who is under the tree is Lucy.= The girl under the tree is Lucy
17、.六定语从句的分类根据和主句的关系，定语从句可分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，起着修饰限制作用。如果去掉，主句的意思就会受到影响，它和主句的关系密切，一般不可用逗号与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，不会影响主句的意思。它和主句之间常用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句译成汉语时常常可单独译成一句话。例：1）This is the best movie that I have seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。比较：Last night, I saw a good movie, which(that) was about Le
18、i Feng.昨天晚上，我们看了一部电影。这部电影是关于雷锋的故事。2）She has a brother who/that is a policeman.她有一个当警察的哥哥。 （她可能不止有一个哥哥）比较：She has a brother, who(that ) is a policeman. 她有一个哥哥， （他）是当警察的。 （她只有一个哥哥）【注】非限制性定语从句不可用 that 引导，指人时 who，whom，指物用which。而且 who(m), which 作宾语时不可省略（见第一部分例 2） ） 。两种定语从句的译法常常不同。七定语从句与同位语从句的比较：类别 作用 被修饰
19、的词 引导词定语从句 修饰限定逻辑上充当从句的一个成分引导定语从句从的引导词有who,whom,whose,that,which,where,when,why等 8 个，而且关系代词有时可以省略。同位语 说明内容 逻辑上不充当从句 引导同位语从句的引导词只有 that（不能用5从句 的任何成分 which） ，when，where，which 等 4 个，而且没有省略的情况。例：1）I heard the news that was exciting. 被修饰的词 the news 逻辑上作从句(that）was exciting 的主语。因此，that was exciting 是定语从句。
20、比较：I heard the news that his mother was ill.被说明的词 the news 逻辑上不作从句 that his mother was ill 的任何成分，that his mother was ill 是说明 the news 的内容。因此，that his mother was ill 是 the news 同位语从句。2）I still remember the day when he first came here.被修饰的词(on) the day 逻辑上作从句( when) he first came here 的时间状语。因此，when he first came here 是定语从句。 比较：I have no idea when he first came here.被说明的词 the day 逻辑上不作从句( when) he first came here 的任何成分，when he first came here 是说明 idea 的“内容” 。因此，when he first came here 是 idea的同位语从句。
