1、The Modes of LanguageGood morning, everyone!In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system.And today I am going to move on to another topic, that is, the modes of language. As you may know, messages are transmitted in human language most frequently through two prima
2、ry modes: speech and writing.Well, you know, there is also a third mode, which is not that frequently used as speech and writing.（1）The third mode is called signing, which is used by deaf people. But in todays lecture, we will just focus on speech and writing, and the specific features of these two
3、modes.（2）In linguistics, it is commonly noted that speech is primary and writing secondary. Linguistics take this position because all languages are spoken except those dead languages such as Latin, which is only existent in written form.All children will naturally acquire the spoken version of a la
4、nguage if they are exposed to it.They acquire the spoken form of their mother tongue during the formative period of language acquisition. （3）However, to become literate, a child will need some kind of formal schooling in reading and writing. In many respects, we might call speech “primary“ and writi
5、ng “secondary“. It implies that writing has a second-class status when compared with speech.（4）In fact, it is more accurate to view the two modes as having different but complementary roles. For instance, in most legal systems, while an oral contract is legally binding, a written contract is preferr
6、ed. The reason is simpleunlike speech, writing provides a permanent record of the contract.（5）Thus, if the terms of the contract are disputed, the written record of the contract can be consulted and interpreted. Disputes over an oral contract will involve one persons recollection of the contract ver
7、sus another persons. （6）While writing may be the preferred mode for a contract, in many other contexts, speech will be more appropriate. Because the most common type of speechface-to-face conversationis highly interactive. This mode is well-suited to many social contexts, such as casual conversation
8、s over lunch, business transactions in a grocery store, discussions between students and teachers in a classroom.（7）And in these contexts, interactive dialogues have many advantages over writing. For instance, individuals engaged in conversation can ask for immediate clarification if there is a ques
9、tion about something said; in a letter to a friend, in contrast, such immediacy is lacking.（8）When speaking to one another, speakers are face to face and can therefore see how individuals react to what is said. On the other hand, （9）writing creates distance between writer and reader, preventing the
10、writer from getting any immediate reaction from the reader.（10）Speech is oral, thus making it possible to use intonation to emphasize words or phrased and express emotion. Of course, one might say that writing has punctuation. Well, it can express only a small proportion of the features that intonat
11、ion has. Because speech is created “on-line,“ it is produced quickly and easily. This may result in many “ungrammatical“ constructions, but rarely do these rough sentences cause miscommunications. You know, if there is a misunderstanding, it can be easily corrected. On the contrary, （11）writing is m
12、uch more deliberate. It require planning, editing and thus taking much more time to produce on the part of the writer.Because of all these characteristics of writing, if an individual desires a casual, intimate encounter with a friend, he or she is more likely to meet personally than write a letter.
13、 In this case, writing a letter to a friend might turn out to be too formal.Of course, in todays world, the highly-developed technology has made such encounters possible with “instant messaging“ over a computer or a smart phone. And if someone wishes to have such an encounter with a friend living ma
14、ny miles away, then this kind of on-line written “chat“ can mimic a face-to-face conversation.（12）But because such conversations are a hybrid of speech and writing, they still lack the intimacy and immediacy of a face-to-face conversation.（13）While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete mod
15、es, it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing.（14）While speech is in general more interactive than writing, various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity. For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discours
16、e, such as first and second person pronouns, contractions, and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts. In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic pros
17、e and official documents, exhibited few markers of interactive discourse, but the other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters, ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.In other words, （15）how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken
18、 or written but more on how it is being used. For example, a personal letter, even though it is written, will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to int
19、eract necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed. Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts.OK, to sum up, we have been dealing with the modes of language in todays lec
20、ture. The two most frequently used modes are speech and writing. As two different modes of language, speech and writing have their own characteristics. Speech is a preferred mode in many social contacts where interactivity is needed. Of course, when a formal stable record is preferred, writing should be an appropriate mode. Finally, I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing. In the following lecture, we will concentrate on the linguistic structures of language.Thank you!
