1、初 中 英 语 语 法 三 大 从 句 汇 总在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请
2、看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that （一）关系代词 who
3、, whom 和 whose 的用法 who 代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by ema
4、il first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom 代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如： Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，
5、主格 who 代替了宾格 whom，亦可省略） whose 一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如： The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词 whose 指代先行词 hotel，正式用法应该用 of which。whose wind
6、ow=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词 which 的用法 which 代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which 可以换成 that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which 可以换成 that） （三）关系代词 that 的用法 that 既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多
7、指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that 可以换成 who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that 可以换成 which） Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗？ （that 可以换成 which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略） 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，
8、在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀： the time when the place where the reason why （一）关系副词 when 的用法 关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间，when 在定语从句作时间状语。例如： In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when 先行词是 months） Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer
9、 Palace? 你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when 先行词是 day， 当代英语里 when 可以用 that 替代，这时关系代词that 就变成了表示时间的关系副词） I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when 先行词是 year，同样 when 可以用 that 代替） （二）关系副词 where 的用法 关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点，where 在定语从句作地点状语。例如： During the Spring Festival I went
10、back to the town where I was brought up. 春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where 的先行词是 town） This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where 先行词是 place） 上面这个句子不可以将 where 改为 that，因为 that 不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句： This is the place that Li Bai once visited. 这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that 的先行词同样是 place，但这个 that 是关系代词，在定
11、语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用 which 替换） （三）关系副词 why 的用法 关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因，why 在定语从句作原因状语。例如： The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why 先行词是 reason， 当代英语里 why 可以用 that 替代，这时关系代词 that 就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将 why 省略） This is the reason why he came la
12、te to school. 这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why 先行词是 reason，why 可以用 that 替代，还可以省略） 注意：如果上面的句子将 the reason 省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。 四、特殊关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 as 是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。 （一）在固定搭配 asas, soas, suchas, the sameas 中，as 引导定语从句 You may take as many book
13、s as you want. 你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个 as 是副词，修饰 many 的；第二个 as 才是关系代词，代替先行词 books，在定语从句中作宾语） I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一台你这样的电脑。（as 是关系代词，代替先行词 computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为 yours 后省略了 is ） I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. 我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as 是关系代词，代替先行词 place，在定语从句中作表语，因为 Guilin 后省略了
14、 is ） （二）独立于主句之外，as 引导定语从句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。 As is known to us, （As we know 和 As is known to us 均为定语从句，as 分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。） Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词 as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。） 五、关系代词 who, which 与 that 的区别
15、（一）关系代词 who 与 that 的区别 1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格 who。例如： He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词 he, they, any, all, one 等时，多用 who） I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用 who） 2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格 whom，不用 that。例如： The man to whom our headmaster talk
16、ed just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格 whom，不可用主格who） 注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格 who，也可用 that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法： (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just no
17、w is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第 4 句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。 3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用 that。例如： He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。（that 用来泛指人） 4. 当关系代词出现在 w
18、ho 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如： Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用 who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清） （二）关系代词 which 与 that 的区别 1. 当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything 等时，关系代词多用 that。例如：All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。 She told me everything that sh
19、e knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等时，关系代词一般都用 that。例如： This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。 3. 当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如： Which was the hotel
20、 that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用 that很明显是为了避免重复 which） 4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用 which。例如： Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办 2008 年奥运会。 5. 介词后的关系代词用 which，而不用 that。例如： She has collected 600 s
21、tamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了 600 张邮票，其中 60是德国邮票。 六、定语从句的位置 如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如： There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句 who was shouting and crying 修饰 the girl，被ups
22、tairs 所隔开） A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调） B、宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词A,由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如 say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词 t
23、hat 只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.l 在 think,believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)l 在许多带有复合宾语的句子中， that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用 it 做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he to
24、ld a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B, 由连词 if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether 和 if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用 if 引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
25、l 宾语从句中有 or not 时不用 if 引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用 if 引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C, 由 wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词 who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talk
26、ing about? (which 做定语)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二，宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生
27、在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says tha
28、t she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.l 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.lCould you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the
29、Histury Museum?注意事项：u 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u 宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should
30、do next.I cont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see_?A. what hes reading B. what is he reading C. what does he read D. he reads what2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子) Do you know_Jack _from Japan?3.-What di
31、d your son say in the letter? -He told me that he_ the Disney would the next dayA.will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit4.He didnt know_A.whats the matter B.what the matter is C. what was the matter D. what the matter was5.Somebody called you just now,but I didnt know_A.who we
32、re they B. who they were C. who was it D. who it was6.I want to know_A.what is his name B. whats his name C. that his name is D. what his name is 7.-Could you tell me _she is looking for? -Her cousin,susan.A.that B.whose C .who D.which8.-What are you searching the Internet for? -Im trying to find ou
33、t_.A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU B.How many persons have died in IraqC.How to protect our environment D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea9.Do you know_?(谁正在唱歌)10.Do you know_?(她正在和谁谈话)11.Do you know_?(昨天发生了什么事)The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B9 who
34、 is singing 10 who she is talking with11 what happened yesterdayC、同位语从句(一) 概念一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息） ，problem， question, doubt, thou
35、ght 等。例如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你从哪儿听说我不能来？有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。（二）引导词寻规找矩 请仔细观察下列句子，注意从句引导词的用法。1. The news
36、that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going t
37、o spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be back小结归纳 that 引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句 1； whether 引导同位语从句时意为“是否” ，通常不能用 if 来代替,如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句，如句 3， 4； 连接副词 where, how, when 等可以引导同位语从句， 如句 5，6，7。(
38、三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.分析 句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句，说明“news” 的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。句 2 中 that 引导定语从句，对“news” 加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。 that 的功能不同： that 引
39、导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析 句 1 中 that 引导 同位语从句，其中 that 无词义，也不充当任何成分；句 2 中 that 引导定语从句，that 指代 promise，又在从句中充当主语，且 that 可
40、以用 which 替换。 可否省略： that 在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。即学即用I 请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China soon.2. The fact _ he didnt see Tom this morning is true.3. Word has come _ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next
41、week.4. He cant answer the question _ he got the money from his home yesterday. 5. Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? 6. The problem _ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.II. 下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he wont be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. Ive read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.
