1、初中语法复习 词类。词类 英语名称 意 义 例 词名词 The Noun (缩写为 n) 表示人或事物的名称 basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠词 The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a, an, the 代词 The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词 they, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词 The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词
2、The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序 three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词 The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态 hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词 The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词 The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系 from, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词 The Conjunctio
3、n (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 and, or, but, so, because 感叹词 The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一）名词：专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 可数名词2普
4、通名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词2名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语） 、宾格（作宾语） 、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（二）冠词1定冠词the .特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。 The students are very good. 1说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? 2重复提到上文的人或
5、事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black . 3表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The moon moves around the earth . 4形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the 5south .乐器的名称前常用定冠词the 。I like playing the piano / violin . 6和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . 7放在某些专有名词前。
6、We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the peoples Republic of China . 8放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV . 9固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .102不定冠词a / an .3指人或事物的某一种类。 A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. 1指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We
7、write with a pen. 2指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。 The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a 3factory.不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位” ，如“每日” 、 “每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a 4kilo.3零冠词。泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature . 1抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice . 2
8、有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once. 3在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist. 4在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play 5basketball. 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers Day. 6称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。G
9、ranny is sleeping now. We call him monitor. 7在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English . 84不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。 9（三）形容词1形容词的构成。简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, 1
10、sleeping .复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。 20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, 2part-time, good-looking.2形容词的用法。修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl . 1作表语。He is very strong. 2作宾语补足语。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean . 3“定冠词形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to
11、 the old politely. 4大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。 5有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。 63形容词的位置。形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box. 1与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away . 25与不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。 Som
12、ething important . 3nothing serious .当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列： 冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）描述形容词 4（brave, beautiful）表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词表示年龄或新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词表示材料、物质的形容词表示用途或类别的形容词被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .4形容词的比较级和最高级。 （一般加 er / est ，不规则见表）原级的用法：“
13、和相同” 1A肯定句：A 动词 as 形容词原级 as B . He is as tall as me .B 否定句：A not as 形容词原级 as B （即 A 不如 B 那么）A not so 形容词原级 as B = A+ less + 形容词原级than + B .比较级的用法： 2AA 动词 形容词的比较级 than B . （A 比 B 更 ，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰，表示“得多” ， “甚至” ， “更” ， “一点儿” 。B“比较级 and 比较级” 、 “m
14、ore and more 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越” 。最高级的用法：（个体用of ，范围用in，最高级前面要用定冠词the） 3A三种最高级表示法。最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China .比较级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .原级： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other cit
15、y is larger than Shanghai in China .（四） 副词1副词的种类：6时间副词： often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, 1just now 地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 2方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply,
16、carefully 3程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 4疑问副词：how, when, where, why 5关系副词：when, where, why （引导定语从句） 6连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether 7频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 8其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe 92副词的用法：作状语 ： He can
17、 finish the work easily . 1作定语（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin . 2作表语 ： I must be off now . 3作宾补，构成复合宾语 ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night . 473副词的比较级和最高级。 （一般加 er / est ,不规则见表）副词的原级： 1Aas + 副词的原级 + as “与一样”Bnot as(so) + 副词的原级 + as “与不一样”Ctoo + 副词的原级 + to do sth . “太而不能
18、”Dso + 副词的原级 + that 从句 “如此以致于”E副词的原级 + enough to do sth . “足够能做”副词的比较级： 2AA + 动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B B副词比较级前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。C比较级 and + 比较级，表示“越来越” ，the more the more 表示“越就越”D副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .（五）数词1基数词：112 1319 2090 1001 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a h
19、undred2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty8 eight 70 seventy9 nin
20、e 80 eighty10 ten 90 ninety11 eleven812 twelve2序数词：1-10 11-19 20-90 100-1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-f
21、ourth 134th4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,00
22、0,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th作主语：The first is better than the second . 1作宾语：He was among the first to arrive . 2作表语：He is the first to come to school . 3作定语： The
23、 ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the 4factory .（六）代词9类 别 作 用 例 词 例 句单 数 复 数 数格 人称 一 二 三 一 二 三主 格 I you he she it we you they人称代词 代替人或事物，主格作 主语，宾客作宾语宾 格 me you him he t us you themI am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book
24、to me .词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性 myyour his heritsour your their物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系名词词性mineyours his hersitsoursyours theirsMy book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称单 数 myself yourselfhimselfherself itself反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语复 数 our
25、selves yourselves themselvesWe ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.宾 格 所 有 格each other（两者相互） each others（相互的）相互代词 表示相互关系，作宾语one another（三者或三者以上） one anothers（相互的）We should help each other.Please correct each others mistakes .指示代词 起指示作用，作定语、 主语、宾语、表语等 This, that, these, those, it, such,
26、 same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代词 代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, I have something to tell you.10物 another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each Neither answer is right.疑问代词 表示疑问，构成特殊问 句 who
27、, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?关系代词 引导定语从句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what, who, that I know what you are doing .Thats what I hope .（七）动词类 别 意 义 例 子 例 句及物动词 后面一定接宾语 Open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday.行为动词含有实在的
28、意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。 不及物动 词 后面可以不接宾 语 Laugh, cry, live He lives in Beijing .连系动词（link v）本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad .He is a student .助动词（v.aux.）本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do, does, did, am
29、, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would He doesnt speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情态动词（Modal Verbs）本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speak English .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now .注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。
