1、中阶语法 Lesson1 动词的分类Louise1、 什么是动词？2、 (1) 实义动词 及物动词 (vt.) 后接宾语（行为动词） 不及物动词(vi.)(2)系动词 be/become/get/look/seem/turn/sound/smell/taste/feel/keep(3)助动词 be +doing/+done动词的分类 Have(has/had) +done/+been doingdo(does/did)will/ shall/ would/ should(4)情态动词 may/ might/ can/ could/ must/ should/ will/ would 一、动词是
2、用来表示主语做什么（即行为动词） ，或表示主语是什么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词。二、动词的分类（一）行为动词 Notional Verb行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语 。I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。 ）live，住It has a round face.（它有一张圆脸。 ）has，有1、及物动词 Transitive Verb后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整 ，例如：Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。 ）If you have any questions, yo
3、u can raise your hands.（如果你们有问题，你们可以举手，。 ）2、不及物动词 Intransitive Verb后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。 例如：He works hard.（他工作努力。 ）Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。 ）Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。 ）（二）连系动词 Link Verb连系动词是表示主语 “是什么 ”或 “怎么样 ”的词，它虽有词义，但不完整，所以不
4、能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语。1、表示 “是 ”的动词 be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式，is， am， are， was， were， have/has been 等要特别予以注意。 例如：He is a teacher.（他是个教师。 ）2、表示 “感觉 ”的词，如 look（看起来） ， feel（觉得，摸起来） ， smell（闻起来） ，sound（听起来） ， taste（尝起来）等， 例如：She looked tired.（她看一去很疲劳。 ）Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起来很软。 ）The story sounds inter
5、esting.（这个故事听起来很有趣。 ）The flowers smell sweet.（这些花闻起来很香。 ）The mixture tasted horrible.（这药水太难喝了。 ）3、表示 “变 ”、 “变成 ”的意思的词，如 become, get, grow, turn,都解释为 “变 ”、 “变得 ”， 例如：She became a college student.（她成了一名大学生。 ）The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。 ）H
6、e grew old.（他老了。 ）（三）助动词 Auxiliary Verb这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问， 例如：He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。 ）句中的 does 是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与 not 一起构成否定形式。A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。 ）句中的 is 是助动词，和 run 的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。（四）情态动词 Modal Verb这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人
7、的语气或情态，如“可能 ”、 “应当 ”等。这类动词有 can, may, must, need, dare, could, might 等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思 ，例如：I can dance.（我会跳舞。 ）can, 能, 会He cant walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。 ）cant, 不必May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以（1 ） can, could 和 be able to 1、表示 能力 ，例如：I can speak a little Japanese.Be
8、 able to 代替 can, 也可以表示能力。但 can 只有一般现在时和一般过去时 (could), 而be able to 则有更多的时态形式， 例如：You will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English next week.2、表示 允许，准许 ，这时 can 与 may 可以互换， 例如：Can/May I brother your bike tomorrow?3、表示 客观可能性 ，用在否定句和疑问句中表示说话人的 怀疑、猜测或不肯定 。 例如：He cannot/cant be there.4、 could 除
9、表示 can 的过去式外，在口语中还常代替 can，表示非常委婉的请求。这时could 和 can 没有时间上的差别。 例如：Could/Can you show me the way to the nearest hospital?（2 ） may 和 might1、表示 “准许 ”和 “许可 ”， 这时可与 can 替换。 例如：May (can) I use your dictionary for a moment?（我可以借你的字典用一下吗？）2、表示说话人的 猜测 ，认为某事 “可能 ”发生， 例如：Wheres John? He may be at the library.（约翰在
10、哪儿？他可能在图书馆。 ）以上例子中的 may be 是情态动词 may 加 be, 与 maybe 完全不同。后者是副词，解释为“或许” 。例如：He may be at home.（他可能在家。 ）Maybe he was at home.（或许他在家。 ）3、 might 除表示 may 的过去式外 ，在口语中还常代替 may, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小。这时 might 和 may 没有时间上的差异。例如：Might (May) I speak to you for a few minutes?（我现在可以与你谈几分钟话吗？）4、 用于从句中 表示目的，意为 “以便能 ”、
11、 “使 可以 ”， 例如：Open your mouth wide, so that I may see clearly whats wrong with your teeth.（把嘴张大些，以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。 ）He wrote down my address so that he might remember it well.（他把我的住址写了下来，以便能记牢。 ）5、 在用 may 提问 时，否定回答常用 mustnt 或 may not 表示 “不行 ”、 “不可以 ”。例如：May I go now? No, you mustnt. （我可以走了吗？不，不可以。 ）（
12、3 ） must1、 must 表示说话人的 主观意志 ，表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形。 例如：I must go to school today.（今天我必须上学去。 ）He told me I mustnt leave until my mother came.（他告诉我，在我母亲回来之前我不许离开。 ）2、 must 表示 推测， “一定是 ”、 “准是 ”， 例如：They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.（他们一定是非常疲劳了,让他们休息一会儿吧。 ）Jack doesnt look well. He mus
13、t be ill.（杰克看上去气色不太好。他一定是病了。 ）难点解释1、 have to 表示 “必须 ”、 “不得不 ”，它不仅能代替 must, 用于现在时和过去时以外的其他时态，表示说话人的主观看法，而且又表示客观上的需要。 例如：If we miss the last bus, we shall have to walk home.（如果我们末班车，我们将不得不走回家。 ）2、 在回答 must 的疑问句时 ， 否定回答常用 neednt 表示 “不必 ”， 例如：Must I return this book to you in two weeks?（这本书我两星期以后必须还你吗？）
14、Yes, you must.（是的。 ）No, you neednt.（不，不必了。 ）（4 ） need 和 dareneed（需要）和 dare（敢于）既可作情态动词，又可作行为动词。1、 need 和 dare 作 情态动词 时，只用于 否定句或疑问句 。 need 无形态变化， dare 的过去式是 dared。 例如：Its warm today. You neednt put on your coat.（今天天气很暖和，你不必穿上大衣。 ）She dare not go out alone at night.（她晚上不敢一个人出去。 ）2、 need 和 dare 作 及物动词 时
15、，后常跟 动词不定式 。它们有人称、数和时态等形态变化。在构成否定和疑问形式时与其他及物动词一样，要用助动词 do, does 或 did 等。 例如：He didnt need to go to school today.（今天你不必上学。 ）They needed an excuse and soon found one.（他们需要借口，不久便找到了一个。 ）（5 ） ought to 和 shouldought to 和 should 作 情态动词 用，都是 “应该 ”、 “应当 ”的意思。ought to 语气较强 ，指 客观 上有责任、有义务去做某事，或按观念和道理也应对某事负责。
16、Should 指主观 上认为有责任和义务去做，但语意不如 ought to 强。 例如：You ought to respect your teachers.（你们应该尊敬你们的老师。 ）We should be careful of others feelings.（我们应该尊重别人的感情。 ）（一）实义动词： 1 His grandmother _ _in 1985She has been for ten years Adied，died Bdead ，dead Cdying,death Ddied，dead 2一 How long you the bicycle? About two w
17、eeks Ahave，had Bhave，bought Cdid buy Dhave，get 3 Because of 2008 Beijing Olympics，all of Chinese trying to make great contributions to _ _ our environment Aprotect Bprotected Cprotects Dprotecting 4 Thousands of people took our part in _ the undeveloped landAopening out Bopening up Copen up Dopen wi
18、th 5一 Your spoken English is much better 一 Thank youMy teacher often asks us _ English Ato speak many Bnot to speak much Cto speak much Dnot to speak more 6 Mr. Zhang often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food Acook Bcooks Ccooked Dto cook 7. The supermarket is far from Marys house. So she _
19、only once a week. A. goes shopping B. has been there C. has gone there 8. Here _ the bus! A. come B. comes C. coming 9. Mary is often at home on weekends and _ time with her grandparents. A. spend B. takes C. spends 10. My father told me that the earth _ round when I was a child. A. is B. was C. be
20、11. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher _. A. come true B. will come true C. came true 12 -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _? No, she got up too late. A. did she B. hadnt she C. didnt she 13. I _ to the park when I was a child. A. often go B. used to go C. am used to g
21、oing 14. If I _ three heads and six hands, I would carry the huge rock by myself. A. have B. will have C. had 15. I was watching TV when a strange man _into my house. A. was coming B. came C. is coming 16-When _ you _ her the good news? -As soon as she comes back. A. do, tell B. did, bring C. will,
22、tell 17 .Mike always _ my books and doesnt return them. What should I do? A. keeps B. lends C. borrows 18.Oh, look! Its Jacks math book, isnt it? But he has a math test today? -Dont worry, mum. I will _ it to him. A. bring B. take C. borrow 19.I asked my brother to_ his room. Its real mess. A. put u
23、p B. stay up C. clean up 20.-My shoes are worn out. -_ A. Cant they be mended? B. Let me have a look at it. C. How much do they cost? D. Cant they mended?（二）连系动词：1. My brother _ a teacher. He _ his pupils very much. A. is, like B. is, likes C. are, likes D. are, like 2. A: How many days _ there in a
24、 week? B: There _ seven. A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is 3. I _ tired last night. A. became B. felt C. looked D. am 4. Her face _ pale（苍白） when she heard the bad news. A. got B. is C. turned D. was 5. You _ pale. Whats wrong with you? A. turn B. seem C. look D. become 6. The boy _ ill to
25、day. A. are B. is C. be D. am 7. Which _ bigger, the sun or the moon? A. are B. is C. be D. 8. Neither she nor I _ a doctor. A. am not B. am C. are D. is 9. I _ a worker next year. A. am B. will be C. be D. will 10. Her voice _ like my mothers. A. sounds B. sound C. looks D. Look（三）助动词： 1.If it is f
26、ine tomorrow, we _ a football match. A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has 2.When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise 3.In the past 30 years China _ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construc
27、tion. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made 4.I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work. A. dont/had B. didnt/have C. didnt/had D. dont/have 5.He _ live in the country than in the city. A. prefers B. likes to C. had better D. would rather 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for
28、the bus. A. was running B. was running C. were running D. is running 7.If they _, our plan will fall flat. A. are co-operating B. had not co-operated C. wont co-operate D. dont co-operate 8._ you give me a room for the night? I asked on arriving at the hotel. A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May 9.There
29、 are nine of them, so _ get into the car at the same time. A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they cant all D. all they cant 10. We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday. He _ it. A. mustnt attend B . can not have attended C. would have not attended D. neednt have attended（四）情态动词: 1. I _
30、 you, because I thought I must be wrong. A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask 2. There _ some flowers in the garden. A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having 3. “_ I take it out?“ “Im sorry, you _.“ A. Could .couldnt B. Might.might not C
31、. Could.can D. May.cant 4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You _ hurt yourself. A. may B. might C. will D. might have 5. You _ those letters. Why didnt you ? A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post. 6. All the lights are on, the Smiths _ up. A. must get B. is get
32、ting C. must be getting D. would get 7. He _ lead a horse to the water but he _ not make it drink.A. will.can B. may.can C. may.dares D. dare.can 8. “Need we do this job now?“ “Yes, _.“ A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can 9. _ to have lunch with us today? A. Do you likes B. Would you li
33、ke C. Will you likes D. Have you liked 10. He said that you _ watch TV all the evening if you wished. A. may B. must C. can D. might 11. -Is John coming by train? -He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 12. Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure
34、 yet. A. must B. can C. may D. will 13. Michael _ be a policeman, for hes much too short. A. neednt B. cant C. shouldnt D. wont 14. I thought you _ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes. A. may B. might C. can D. could 15. I wonder how he _ that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying C.
35、 not dare say D. dared say 16. Come on! We _ hurry because there isnt much time left. A. may B. must C. can D. need 17. Amy did best in the English test. She _ hard last week. A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work 18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly bu
36、t everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 19. -I stayed at a hotel while in New York. -Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed 20. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can
