1、免疫学概述The Origin of Immune Concept1. The term “Immunity” = Latin word “Immunitas” = Protection from legal prosecution (Roman senators)Biological definition = Protection from infectious diseases2. The concept of immunity = existed in ancient Greek & Chinese = the experienced view“天花 ”又名痘疮 中国从宋朝起用人痘接种预
2、防天花3. The medical view of immunity = Edward Jenner (1796)Observation = Milkmaids generally get No SmallpoxHypothesis = Pus from vaccinia (cowpox) = Protect milkmaids from smallpox Test = Inoculate materials from cowpox pus = Protect a young boy from smallpox (Protective immunity)The vaccination agai
3、nst smallpoxExudate from a cowpox pustule on the hand of milkmaid Sarah Nelmes was inserted into scratches on the arms of James Phipps, May 14, 1796. Edward JennerEradication of smallpox200 yearsafter JennerWHO announcesmallpox eradicated1965 1970 1975 1980Countries withmore than onesmallpox caseper
4、 month301504. The concept of “Immunity” developed gradually over time through many scientific findings: = Robert Koch (1905 Nobel Laureate) = Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms= Louis Pasteur = Vaccines against cholera & rabies= These clinical successes = The search of underlying mechanism
5、 of “Protection of Infectious Diseases”= The development of “Immunology” 5. Advances in technology (e.g., Cell culture, Monoclonal Ab, Flow cytometry, Genetic engineeringetc) have facilitated our understanding of the immune system and its functions. “Descriptive Science” = “Experimental Science”免疫（
6、immunity)传统概念指免除疫病、免除感染，指机体抗感染的防御能力。现代概念指机体对 “ 自己 ” 或 “ 非己 ” 的识别并排除 “ 非己 ” 的功能。免疫的基本功能功能 正常表现（有利） 异常表现（有害）免疫防御immune defence抗病原微生物的侵袭超敏反应易受感染或免疫缺陷病免疫稳定immune homeostasis清除损伤、衰老、死亡细胞 自身免疫性疾病免疫监视immune surveillance清除突变或畸变的恶性细胞 恶性肿瘤 免疫系统 (immune system)： 机体执行免疫功能的组织、器官、细胞和分子构成免疫系统。The four kinds of pathogens that cause human disease常见的病原微生物常见的病原微生物Overview of immune responses
