1、Listen this way 听力教程第三册-6Unit 6 Find the Right Words Part I Getting ready Audioscript: The English language can be traced back to prehistoric Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern English. We will review some important date
2、s in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences: 1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people. 2. In 43. B.C. Rome colonized the island. 3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the Christian Era). The next significant dates we
3、re: 4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island). 5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England). Influences from other languages continued however. 6. In the sixth and seventh centuries England was Christianized by mission
4、aries sent by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued). Then, 7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Norsemen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Norse language. 8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence. 9. The French influence continued for 300 years (the nin
5、th century through the 11th century). 10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence. Audioscript: 1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they dont care how well you speak it. They are not
6、upset when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustnt be afraid of making mistakes. 2. Im a very shy person and its not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourself to talk to people. Thats what I did and it really helped me. 3. I think the best language learners ar
7、e people with a sense of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and dont take yourself too seriously. Youll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes. 4. I took two courses in business studies. I read, studied, listened to lectures and took notes in English. It was a very g
8、ood experience for me because I didnt have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead. 5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring work and lots of problems! In short, if you wa
9、nt to learn another language you have to work hard. 6. Try to read as much as you can. I think thats the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words. I always try to read something in English everyday. Part II Skills to communicate bad news Audioscript: Avi Arditti：Im Avi Arditti wi
10、th Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to communicate bad news. Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He and four colleagues are in the fifth year leading
11、a program funded with one and one-half million dollars from the National Cancer Institute. Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to avoid sounding insensitive when the prognosis is grim. Anthony Back：Probably the biggest misconceptio
12、n I face is that youre either born with this or youre not. In fact, what the research shows is that people learn to do this over time. And the way they learn to do it is they see good role models, they practice, they get specific feedback on what theyre doing, they try-out new things, they innovate
13、and develop new conversational practices for themselves. Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of those conversational practices - what are some ways to impart bad news? Anthony Back：Heres an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been doing well and is coming in for some routine f
14、ollow-up tests. The routine follow-up tests unexpectedly show the cancer has started to come back. The doctor will typically go in and say to the patient, “Guess what, your cancers back.“ And the patient will be just blown away, right? There are a couple of practices there that doctors can do that c
15、an help. One is to start with - especially if you dont know the patient - asking what the patient expected, what did they understand about their cancer, what were they expecting with this test. Because if the patient says to you “You know, they didnt tell me anything. Im just here because I got this
16、 appointment in the mail,“ thats one whole kind of comprehension level. Whereas if the patient says “I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer and they told me I had a fifty-five percent chance of disease recurrence in the next two years,“ thats a whole different story, right? The second thing is that after you
17、give this difficult news, then I think its really important to address both the cognitive reaction and also the kind of the emotional side of it. Rosanne Skirble： What are some of the phrases or the ways in which you can couch this news? Anthony Back：You know, the way to make it easier is to make su
18、re that you are going from the context the patient drew for you. So you go from what the patient understands and you try to use their words as much as possible. And then, when you get to the really bad part of the news, I think its actually important to be direct and concrete and not to couch the ne
19、ws. Its better to say “The cancer has come back“ than to say “There are hypo-densities in your liver on the CT“ (or) “You have a malignancy.“ All those euphemisms force patients to struggle to understand whats happening to them, and it adds to their confusion and distress. Rosanne Skirble: ：Well, sh
20、ould they say things like “I wish things were different“ or “I hope for the best,“ or should a doctor kind of maintain a distance? Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they have to distance themselves. There are some phrases that we u
21、se, and the most important ones are really the ones that are about empathy for the patient. You know, “I see this is a difficult situation, I see this is not what you expected, Im hoping for the best.“ And I think its fine for doctors to talk about hope, and I think its important actually. AviArditt
22、i： Let me ask you, have you seen any cultural differences come up in the training programs as youve had doctors go through? Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very multicultural group of physicians who come, and they all bring in all their own different values about how frank should people be
23、. Because the American standard, of course, is that patients themselves get all the information, they make the decision themselves, and theres this very strong emphasis on autonomy. And in a lot of other cultures thats really not the case. Rosanne Skirble：And what got you started in the first place?
24、 Anthony Back：What got me started was, when I was an oncology trainee, and this was after a personal experience - my mother had died of a pre-leukemia kind of thing - I remember walking around in the bone-marrow transplant wards with this experienced - it was this other, older senior physician - goi
25、ng around having these life-and-death conversations with patients and thinking, God, there has got to be a better way to do this. Avi Arditti：The result, says Doctor Anthony Back in Seattle, is a program that has now trained about one hundred-eighty oncologists at retreats held twice a year. The pro
26、gram Web site is oncotalk.info - thats o-n-c-o-t-a-l-k dot i-n-f-o. Part III Foreign accents Audioscript: Section I As far as Im concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I dont mean that Im a sort of snob, and only like people with posh accents, but I never feel comfortable with
27、 a new person until Ive been able to place them from the way they speak. If its an English person, I feel much more at ease if I can say “Ah, he comes form Liverpool“, or “Hes probably been to public school“. I suppose then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the other person. The same
28、 is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that Im talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it seems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their national accent and try t
29、o speak BBC English. If someone is clearly French, I know theres no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I cant really explain why, but if a person has a foreign accent, they seem to be more interesting, even if they are
30、 saying the most ordinary things. Audioscript: Section II Mind you, there is a limit to intelligibility. If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are saying, then that gets in the way of the conversation, and the flow is broken while you try to sort out the sounds
31、into meaningful bits. I dont mean an accent as strong as that. Im talking about the kind of accent where you can tell immediately which country the person comes from, but where theyve got enough English to carry on a good conversation without searching for words, or messing up the grammar so that yo
32、u lose the thread. I suppose its the kind of accent most foreigners have, really. To be honest, its only a very few who have such a good ear that they produce more or less genuine British English, and even then it can be quite amusing because they may have picked up a clearly regional accent, or eve
33、n a very upper-class accent which doesnt fit in with their character at all. But most foreigners who learn English are desperately keen to get rid of their foreign accents and waste a lot of time trying to do so. Part IV More about the topic: Love and Grammar Audioscript: Are you looking for love? W
34、hen you want to impress a potential girlfriend or boyfriend, you take great care with your appearance and try to be on your best behaviour. But . . . what about your grammar? Do you check if you are using verbs and commas properly? If not, youd better think again. The research arm of dating site OKC
35、upid has suggested that bad grammar can ruin your love life. It looked at 500 000 first contacts on the site and concluded that “netspeak, bad grammar and bad spelling are huge turn-offs“. On the other hand, the correct use of apostrophes seems to be quite an aphrodisiac. Using “dont“ and “wont“ caused better than average response rates says the research. American writer Twist Phelan, who went on 100 online dates in 100 days and later married someone she met online, believes that grammar is an important “filter system“ for prospective partners. She
