1、1宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。包括动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词有从属连词 that,whether,if;连接代词 who,whom,whose,which,what等;连接副词when,where,why,how等。Tips动词短语也可以接宾语从句,如 make up ones mind下决心,make sure 确保,keep in mind 牢记。Eg:Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you hand in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误。一、宾语从句
2、的句法功能1、作动词的宾语Eg:Tell your son that whatching TV too much is bad for his eyes.告诉你儿子,看太多电视对他的眼睛不好。2、作介词的宾语Eg:It all depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow.所有一切都取决于明天的天气是否晴朗。3、作系表结构的宾语Eg:I am sure that he will come soon.我确信他很快就会来。Tips常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,sorry,afraid,sati
3、sfied,surprised等。二、宾语从句的连接词1、that 引导的宾语从句由 that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。从属连词 that无实际意义,不在从句中充当任何成分。此时宾语从句的成分齐全,句意明确。在口语和非正式文体中 that可以省略。Eg:I dont think (that) there will be time to do it.我认为没有时间做这件事了。Eg:Many people believe (that) robots will do most our work.许多人相信机器人会做我们的大部分工作。2、whether/if 引导的宾语从句(1)可用 whether
4、/if的情况whether/if引导的从句大多由一般疑问句作直接引语变化而来,常放在 ask,care,wonder,fine out等词后引导从句。whether/if 在从句中不作成分,但含有“是否”之义,在句中不可省略。Eg:I ask them whether/if they would win the match.我问他们能否赢得这场比赛。Eg:Do you care whether/if you win?你对自己是否会赢很介意吗?Eg:He aksed me whether/if Miss Li was a teacher.他问我李小姐是否是一位老师。Eg:Nobody knows
5、 whether/if he likes this birthday present.没有人知道他是否喜欢这份生日礼物。(2)只用 whether不用 if的情况引导介词后的宾语从句时。Eg:It depends on whether it will snow tomorrow.这取决于明天是否会下雪。2Eg:Im interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。与 or not连用时。Eg:I asked your secretary whether she could come or not.我问你的秘书她是否能来。Eg:Let me
6、 know whether he has passed the exam or not.让我知道他是否已经通过了考试。与不定式连用时。Eg:I really dont know whether to accept or refuse.我真的不知道是接受还是拒绝。Eg:Next Monday the teacher will tell us whether to have a test.下周老师会告诉我们是否考试。有些动词,如 leave,put,discuss,doubt等后的宾语从句常用 whether引导。Eg:Were discussing whether we should group
7、 these three companies.我们现在正在讨论是否应该合并这三家公司。Eg:I doubt whether he will keep his promise.我怀疑他能否信守诺言。宾语从句前置,置于句首时。Eg:Whether they can come here on time,wo dont know.他们能否按时到这里,我们不知道。Eg:Whether they will join in the camp,I dont care.我不在乎他们是否会来参加野营。注意:在用 if会引起歧义时也只能用 whether。Eg:Please tell me if you need
8、help.这句话有两种意思:“如果你需要帮助,请告诉我。 ”或“请你告诉我你是否需要帮助。 ”如果表达第二种意思,只能用 whether。3、连接代词引导的宾语从句宾语从句可以由连接代词 what,who,whom,whose,which等引导,它们在宾语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等,因此不能省略。Eg:Do you know who will come this afternoon?作主语你知道今天下午谁要来吗?Eg:I dont know whom you should depend on.作宾语我不知道你该依靠谁。Eg:I dont know what it is.作表语我不知道那
9、是什么。Eg:Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?作定语能告诉我我们得走哪个门吗?注意:连接代词一般表示疑问,但 what,whatever除了表示疑问外,也可以表示陈述。Eg:I believe what he told me.我相信他对我说的话。Tips当 who为宾语从句的主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他。Eg:Do you know who has won Battlefield 3 game?3你知道是谁赢得了“战地 3”的游戏?4、连接副词引导的宾语从句宾语从句可由连接副词 when,where,how,why等引导,它们在
10、宾语从句中作状语,不可以省略。Eg:He didnt tell me when the traffic accident had taken place.作时间状语他没有告诉我那起交通事故发生的时间。Eg:-Your coat looks very nice.Could you tell me where you bought it?作地点状语三、宾语从句的时态宾语从句谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词的影响,因而在使用时要注意主从句两部分的时态。宾语从句的时态分为以下两种情况:1、时态的变化当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,其宾语从句的时态一般要用相应的过去时态。Eg:The policewo
11、man asked the little boy where he lived.一般过去时 一般过去时这个女警询问小男孩住在哪里。 (安顺中考)Eg:Hesaid (that) he was going to take care of the baby.一般过去时 将来过去时他说他会去照看那个宝宝。Tips主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,如果宾语从句的谓语动词动作已完成,则从句可用过去完成时或者一般过去时;如果宾语从句的谓语动词动作正在进行,则从句用过去进行时;如果宾语从句的谓语动词动作尚未发生,则从句用过去将来时。2、时态的不变化(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或者祈使句时,其宾语从句的时态可
12、以是任何适当的时态。Eg:-Do you know how Amy came to school morning?一般现在时 一般过去时你知道今早艾米是怎么来上学的吗?-Her bike was broken,so she had to walk.她的自行车坏了,因此她不得不步行。 (包头中考)Eg:I dont know when he will come back.一般现在时 一般将来时我不知道他什么时候回来。Eg:Pleasetell me whom you went to the garden with this morning.祈使句 一般过去时请告诉我今天早上你和谁去了花园。(2)
13、当宾语从句表达客观事实或规律时,其时态应用一般现在时。Eg:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.客观事实,用一般现在时老师说地球绕着太阳转。Eg:Everyoneknew that there are sixty minutes in an hour.客观事实,用一般现在时每个人都知道一小时有 60 分钟。口诀记忆:宾语从句的时态“宾从”时态怎么办?根据主句来判断;主句现在,从随便;主句过去,从变换;“主从”动词同发生, “过去进行”从句中;“宾从”动作先发生, “过去完成”时态用;“宾从”动作后发生, “过去将来”时态用;“宾
14、从”表达是真理, “一般现在”代“过去” 。以上规则记心里,时态呼应没问题。4四、宾语从句的注意事项1、宾语从句的语序陈述句作宾语从句时,仍然用原陈述语序;疑问句作宾语从句时,原来的倒装语序要改为陈述语序。Tips宾语从句的语序为:引导词+主语+谓语+其他Eg:Tom advised me that I should take more water.主句 连接词 从句主语 从句谓语 从句宾语汤姆建议我多喝水。Eg:-I dont know why he is leaving.主句 连接词 从句主语 从句谓语我不知道他要离开的原因。-Because he has to look after hi
15、s mother.因为他要照顾他妈妈。 (天津中考)Eg:-Its surprising that he got such a high mark!他得了这样的高分,我很惊讶 。-Yes.I wonder how he did it.主句 连接副词 从句主语 从句谓语 从句宾语是的,我想知道他是怎么做到的。 (广州中考)2、不能省略 that的情况在 that引导的宾语从句中,连接词 that只起引导作用,无具体意义,不在从句中充当任何成分,因此在口语或者非正式的文体中常可省略。但是在下列情况中不能省略:(1)句中出现两个或两个以上的由 that引导的宾语从句时。由并列连词连接的两个或多个 t
16、hat引导的宾语从句,只有第一个从句中的 that可以省去,其余并列宾语从句中的 that都要保留。Eg:He said (that) he had finished reading the novel and that he would borrow another one.他说他已经读完了这本小说,想再借一本。Eg:He said (that) the film was excellent and that he wanted to see it onve again.他说这部电影很好,他想再看一次。(2)that 从句中又有其他从句时。Eg:I am afraid thatif youv
17、e lost it,you must pay for it.我担心如果你弄丢了它,你必 须赔偿。Eg:He told us that,if we could all come to help out,the whole situation would be getting better.他告诉我说,如果我们全部能 够来帮忙,整个局 势将会好转 。(3)it 作形式宾语代替 that引导的宾语从句时,不能省略 that。Eg:We took it for granted that they would help us.形式宾语 真正的宾语我们想当然地以为他们会帮助我们。Eg:We have ma
18、de it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.形式宾语 真正的宾语我们已经表明,我们将学会 处理各种难题。(4)当宾语从句的主语是 this,that或者被 this,that修饰时。Eg:He said that this book was very useful.他说这本书非常有用。Eg:The teacher said that that word was wrong.老师说那个单词错了。Tips在现代英语中,特别是非正式语体中,在不引起误会的情况下都可以省略 that。(5)当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。5Eg:He told me that he would put some signs on the envelope.他告诉我说,他会在信封上做 标记。Eg:I want to tell you that this problem is very common. 我想告诉你,这个问题非常普遍。