1、12019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) 试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps areavailable on our smart
2、phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. Butphones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost withouta phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 tocivilization, one of which is to follow the land.Whe
3、n you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have toanswer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearestwater source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,ifyou head downhill, and follow any H20 y
4、ou find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in densefores, you should
5、be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and otherpaths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glowof light pollution.18 , assuming youre lost in an ar
6、ea humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASome BMost C Few D All2. Aput Btake C run D come3. ASince BIf CThough D until 4. AFormally Brelatively C gradually D literally5. A back Bnext C around D a
7、way6. A onto Boff Cacross D alone7. A unattractive Buncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8.A site Bpoint Cway D place9. A So BYet CInstead D Besides lO. A immediately B intentionally C unexpectedly Deventually11. A surprised B annoyed C frightened Dconfused12. A problem Boption Cview D result13. A Above
8、all B In contrast COn average D For example14. Abridge B avoid Cspot D separate15. Aform Bthrough C beyond D Under16. A posts Blinks C shades Dbreaks17. A artificial B mysterious Chidden Dlimited18. A Finally BConsequently CIncidentally D Generally19. A memories Bmarks Cnotes Dbelongings20. Arestric
9、t Badopt C lead D expose2Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of b
10、ig banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “ clawback“ rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution,
11、Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of Englands top eco
12、nomist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classicaleconomics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like“ Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both
13、the United States and Britain. he notes hasdropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demandhigh quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capi
14、talism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. “ There seems to be apredominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said CommissionerDaniel Galla
15、gher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce“short-termism. “ In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall stre
16、et Journal finds that“a substantial part“of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a companyinvestment for at least two years can s
17、ometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tothink beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performa
18、nce not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.
19、 Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profits3B. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism“ in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies
20、 can beA. indited B. adverse C. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the follow
21、ing would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the pastfew decades-is ofte
22、n considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in whichstudents are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness“- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in
23、which they received a low grade, andthe most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a studentsoverall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue todo their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition
24、) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them asecond chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-levelcourses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses,
25、allow all undergraduates, andeven graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program andgradation without incur
26、ring a big penalty. “Untimely. “said Jack Mine, Ohio State Universitysregistrar. “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better insubsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness sati
27、sfies colleges own needs as well. Forpublic institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such asgraduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, meanmore money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who,
28、at the end of the dayare paying the bill-feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bigconcern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumersexpectations for higher education. Since students and parents expec
29、t a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or4at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of cours
30、e catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.
31、 To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para.
32、6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it. C. comparing different view
33、s on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The ModemPrometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow m
34、any chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: “What isintelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imita
35、te the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such as“Westworld and“Humans“.Just how people think is still far too complex to be und
36、erstood let alone reproduced, saysDavid Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, “We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving Al
37、arent at hand. The coming use ofautonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime5make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that mo
38、ment. AI “vision“today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. “you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, “notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a
39、Singapore-based agency that is helping thegovernment develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this
40、 spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to“design or deploy Ar“ that would cause“overall harm, “orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statem
41、ent is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful serva
42、nts and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster. 31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David
43、 Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be
44、found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one ofA. Affirmation B. skepticism C. contempt D. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Als Future: In the Hands of T
45、ech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave
46、shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states. 6The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that statessaid cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult forstates to collect sales tax on certain on
47、line purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. thebusiness did t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible forpayin
48、g the sales tax to the state themselves if they werent charged it, but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year thephysical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significantrevenue losses to the States.“ he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented marketparticipants from co
