1、外文翻译FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTSBYKOREANANANALYSISWITHFDITHEORIESFIRMSMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/AUTHORCMINHANANDTHOMASLBREWEROWNERSHIPADVANTAGESOFKOREANINVESTORSINORDERTOEXAMINETHEPOSSESSIONOFOWNERSHIPADVANTAGESOFKOREANFIRMS,THREESPECIFICPROPOSITIONSASLISTEDABOVEAREDISCUSSEDFIRST,ITISP
2、OSTULATEDTHATKOREANFIRMSHAVEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINTECHNOLOGYOVERFOREIGNCOMPETITORSANINDICATIONTHATTHEYDOLIESINTHEIMPORTATIONOFMACHINERYBYFOREIGNAFFILIATESFROMTHEIRPARENTSINFACT,MANYKOREANINVESTORSHAVEEXPORTEDMACHINERYANDTURNKEYPLANTPROJECTSASWELLASRAWMATERIALSTOTHEIROVERSEASAFFILIATESFOREXAMPLE,AKO
3、REANCEMENTMILLWASEXPECTEDTOSELLOVERUS6MILLIONOFPLANTPROJECTS,WHILEITINVESTEDUS1MILLIONFOR60PERCENTOWNERSHIPOFACEMENTMILLTOBEESTABLISHEDINTHEPHILIPPINESASIMILAREXAMPLEISTHATOFAPLASTICFIRMWHICHPUTUPITSUSEDMACHINESINEXCHANGEFOR55PERCENTOWNERSHIPOFAJOINTVENTUREINSINGAPOREOVERALL,KOREANMANUFACTURINGINVES
4、TORSHAVEEXPORTEDAPPROXIMATELYUST00MILLIONOFMACHINERY,PLANT,PARTS,ANDRAWANDINTERMEDIATEMATERIALS,WHILETOTALINVESTMENTSHAVEAMOUNTEDTOUS28MILLIONALTHOUGHTHEAMOUNTOFEXPORTSINCLUDESTHEEXPORTSOFRAWMATERIALS,THEFIGURESSTRONGLYSUGGESTASUBSTANTIALELEMENTOFKOREANTECHNOLOGYINNEWINVESTMENTSTHESEDATATHUSINDIRECT
5、LYSUPPORTTHEOWNERSHIPADVANTAGETHEORYTHATLDCINVESTORSTRANSFERTECHNOLOGYANOTHERIMPORTANTFACTORTOBENOTEDINEXAMININGTHEOWNERSHIPADVANTAGESOFKOREANFIRMISKOREANGOVERNMENTPOLICIESGOVERNMENTPOLICIESHAVEINCREASEDCOSTCOMPETITIVENESSOFKOREANFIRMSINFOREIGNMARKETSTHEGOVERNMENTROLEISESPECIALLYNOTEWORTHYINRESOURCE
6、BASEDFDIANDFDIBYCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSKOREAISHEAVILYDEPENDENTONOVERSEASNATURALRESOURCESRESOURCEIMPORTS,CLASSIFIEDUNDERSITCCODES2OR3,COMPRISEAPPROXIMATELY45PERCENTOFKOREASTOTALIMPORTS2FUELIMPORTSINPARTICULARSURGEDAFTERTHEOILPRICEINCREASEIN1979INORDERTOREDUCEKOREANDEPENDENCYONIMPORTSFROMUNRELATEDFOREIGNSUP
7、PLIERS,THEGOVERNMENTHASENCOURAGEDPRIVATEANDSTATEENTERPRISESTOINVESTINOVERSEASRESOURCEDEVELOPMENTTHEGOVERNMENT,FOREXAMPLE,PROVIDESLOANSATFAVORABLERATESFOR30PERCENTOFINVESTMENTS,ASWELLASTAXINCENTIVESANDOTHERADMINISTRATIVESUPPORTFOR“DEVELOPMENTIMPORTPROJECTS3THEGOVERNMENTHASALSOPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINP
8、ROMOTINGFDIINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYITHASPROVIDEDSPECIALFINANCIALANDTAXINCENTIVESASWELLASASSISTANCEINTRAININGCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSGYMN,1980ADDITION,KOREANOVERSEASBANKSHAVEBEENENCOURAGEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTTOPROVIDEFINANCINGFORCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSASARESULT,30PERCENTOFALLCOMMERCIALLOANSBYTHOSEBANKSHAVEBEENMADET
9、OTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHEGOVERNMENTOWNEDKOREAEXCHANGEBANKHASBEENALEADERINTHISLENDINGALLKOREANBANKSWEREGOVERNMENTOWNEDUNTIL1982,WHENSOMEOFTHEMBEGANTOBEDENATIONALIZEDSUCHGOVERNMENTSUPPORTINEFFECTENHANCESTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFKOREANINVESTORSTHESECONDPROPOSITIONTOBEEXAMINEDCONCERNSTHENATUREOFTECHNO
10、LOGYWHICHGIVESKOREANFIRMSACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINFOREIGNMARKETSKOREANTECHNOLOGYINVOLVEDINOUTWARDFDIISSMALLSCALEANDLABORINTENSIVEASFORMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIES,INVESTMENTSOVERUS1MILLIONINSIZEREPRESENT11OUTOFATOTALOF33CASESANDAPPROXIMATELY75PERCENTOFTHETOTALVALUEOFFDIINMANUFACTURINGBANKOFKOREAALTHOUGHSMA
11、LLSCALEINVESTMENTSDOEXIST,THEDATAINDICATETHATKOREASINVESTMENTARENOTCONSISTENTLYINSMALLSCALEPROJECTSINPARTICULAR,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATRESOURCEBASEDFDI,EXCEPTFDIINFISHING,INVOLVESSOMERELATIVELYLARGESCALEINVESTMENTSINORDERTODETERMINETHELABORINTENSITYOFKOREANTECHNOLOGY,THETYPESOFPRODUCTSWHICHAREINVOLVEDIN
12、FDIBYMANUFACTURINGINVESTORSMAYBEEXAMINEDTHETYPESINVOLVEDARETEXTILES5OUTOFTOTAL33CASES,WOODPRODUCTS5,CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS5,ELECTRICANDELECTRONICPRODUCTS3,METALLICPRODUCTS3,FOOTWEAR2,RUBBERPRODUCTS2,MACHINERY2,ANDOTHERS7MAJORPRODUCTTYPESINVOLVEDTENDTOBETECHNOLOGICALLYUNSOPHISTICATEDASFORTHECONSTRUCTI
13、ONINDUSTRY,THEOWNERSHIPADVANTAGEWASSUGGESTEDBYDAVID1985ANDGYMN1980TOBEINSKILLEDANDSEMISKILLEDLABORANDINLABORINTENSIVETECHNOLOGYTHUS,THEDATASUPPORTTHEPREVIOUSCONTENTIONTHATLDCINVESTORSUSELABORINTENSIVETECHNOLOGYWELLS,1977,1981,1983LALL,1984LECRAW1984THETHIRDPROPOSITIONFOCUSESONTHEGEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTI
14、ONOFKOREANOUTWARDFDIINMANUFACTURINGFDIINMANUFACTURINGFLOWSTOLOWERINCOMELDCSFDIBYMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESISINFACTCONCENTRATEDINLOWERINCOMEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINPARTICULAR,78PERCENTOFTOTALINVESTMENTSBYMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESISINASIAAND11PERCENTISINAFRICATHISPATTERNOFGEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTIONISINLINEWITHPRE
15、VIOUSSTUDIESWELLS,1977VERNON,1979AGRAWAL,1981WHITE,1981FDIASAMEANSOFFACILITATINGEXPORTSINVALIDATINGTHEROLEOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFDIASAFACILITATOROFEXPORTSVERNON1979CHERT,1981JO,1981BUSJEET,1980,THREEADDITIONALABOVEAREEXAMINEDTHEFIRSTPROPOSITIONASSERTSTHATKOREANTRADINGCOMPANIESAREACTIVEINVESTORS237OUT
16、OF426CASESOFFDIAREINTHETRADINGSECTORANDTHEIRINVESTMENTSCOMPRISEABOUT20PERCENTOFTOTALINVESTMENTSINDOLLARTERMSFDIBYTRADINGCOMPANIESISANATURALRESULTOFTHERAPIDEXPANSIONOFKOREASEXPORTSASKOREASEXPORTSGREWANDCOMPETITIONINFOREIGNMARKETSINTENSIFIED,ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFTRADINGCOMPANIESBEGANTOESTABLISHBRANCHES
17、,WAREHOUSINGFACILITIES,ANDDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSSUCHINVESTMENTSARECONCENTRATEDINMAJORTRADINGPARTNERS83CASESINNORTHAMERICA,54INASIA,AND43INEUROPE4THEDATACLEARLYINDICATETHATKOREANTRADINGCOMPANIESAREACTIVEINVESTORSTHESECONDPROPOSITIONPOSITSTHEEXISTENCEOFEXPORTPLATFORMTYPEOFFDIINKOREANOUTWARDFDLEXPORTPLAT
18、FORMTYPEFDIMAYBEDESIGNEDTOLOCATEPRODUCTIONINLOWCOSTCOUNTRIESANDSERVEHOMEANDFOREIGNMARKETSATCOMPETITIVEPRICESINTHEMATURECOMPETITIVEPHASEOFTHEPRODUCTLIFECYCLESIXOFTHE28KOREANMANUFACTURINGFIRMSSTUDIEDINDETAILWEREIDENTIFIEDASUNDERTAKINGTHISTYPEOFINVESTMENT3TEXTILEPLANTSINSRILANKA,BANGLADESH,ANDHONDURAS,
19、2FOOTWEARPLANTSINSRILANKAANDTHEPHILIPPINES,AND1CHAINPLANTINTHEPHILIPPINESFOREXAMPLE,IN1978AFOOTWEARPRODUCERLOCATEDITSPRODUCTIONINANEXPORTINGZONEINTHEPHILIPPINESANDHASBEENSERVINGNORTHAMERICAANDEUROPETHEINVESTMENTINVOLVEDUSS1MILLIONHOWEVER,OTHERPROJECTSINVOLVEDMUCHSMALLERSCALEINVESTMENTSRANGINGFROMUS6
20、0,000TOUS450,000NEVERTHELESS,SUCHPROJECTSCANBEREGARDEDASEXPORTPLATFORMINVESTMENTS,ANDTHEYTHEREFOREARECONSISTENTWITHPREVIOUSTHEORYANDRESEARCHVERNON,1979CHEN,1981ANDJO,1981ANOTHERPROPOSITIONASSUMESTHATONEMOTIVATIONFORINVESTMENTISTOAVOIDTRADERESTRICTIONSSUCHASIMPORTQUOTASANDHIGHTARIFFSIMPOSEDBYINDUSTRI
21、ALCOUNTRIESCHERT,1981BUSJEET,1980THISMOTIVATIONWASALSOFOUNDINTHEABOVEEXPORTPLATFORMINVESTMENTSBYLOCATINGTHEIRPLANTSINCOUNTRIESNOTUNDERSUCHRESTRICTIONS,THEKOREANFIRMSCOULDAVOIDTHETRADEBARRIERSADDITIONTOEXPORTPLATFORMFDITOAVOIDTRADERESTRICTIONS,3CASESOFFDIBYMANUFACTURINGFIRMSWEREFOUNDASAMEANSOFAVOIDIN
22、GLOCALHOSTCOUNTRYTRADERESTRICTIONSGOLDLARGECONSUMERELECTRONICS,ESTABLISHEDITSMANUFACTURINGFACILITIES,LARGELYFORASSEMBLYOPERATION,INTHEUNITEDSTATESTOAVOIDAMERICANQUOTARESTRICTIONSANDPOTENTIALANTIDUMPINGSUITSWITHOUTSUCHACTUALANDPOTENTIALRESTRICTIONS,ITWOULDNOTHAVERELOCATEDITSPLANTFROMTHECHEAPLABORTOTH
23、EEXPENSIVELABORCOUNTRYBYDOINGSO,GOLDSTARCANPROTECTTHECURRENTLEVELOFEXPORTSFROMPOTENTIALRESTRICTIONSASWELLASTOINCREASETHEEXPORTATIONOFPARTSTOTHEUSTHEOTHERCASESINVOLVEDEXPORTQUOTARESTRICTIONSININDONESIATWOTIMBERDEVELOPERSBEGANTOPRODUCEWOODPRODUCTSFORTHEINDONESIANMARKETIN1980AND1981,ANDINRETURNTHEYHAVE
24、RECEIVEDTHERIGHTTOEXPORTMORETIMBERTOKOREATHANTHATPERMITTEDBYTHEQUOTAS译文韩国企业对外直接投资理论与分析资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/作者CMINHANANDTHOMASLBREWER1韩国投资者的所有权优势为了探讨韩国企业的所有权优势,具体例出三项主张首先,韩国公司在与外国竞争者有技术竞争优势。事实上,许多韩国投资者的机械和成套设备以及植物原材料都出口到他们的海外分支机构。例如,韩国水泥磨机,预计销售超过6亿美元的工程项目,仅仅投资了1亿美元就拥有了60的所有权。类似的例子是,一个塑料制
25、造公司仅用自己的设备投资就换取了新加坡合资企业55的股权。总体而言,韩国制造业的投资者已经销售了将近1亿美元的机械、设备、零部件、原材料和中间材料,并且总投资已达到2800万美元,。虽然出口量包括原材料的出口,这些数字有力的表明了韩国在新技术投资的实质性内容,从而间接地支持这些有所有权优势的技术开发公司向不发达地区转让技术。另一个重要因素是韩国政府的政策支持。如政府在建筑业对外直接投资中起到了重要的作用,它提供了特殊的财政和税收优惠以及协助培训建筑工人(GYMN,1980)。除此之外,韩国海外银行在政府鼓励下为建筑商提供融资,结果是,30的银行商业贷款已向建筑业发放。政府拥有的韩国外换银行一直
26、是这种贷款的领导者(所有的韩国银行一直是政府拥有直到1982年)。这种政府的支持增强了韩国投资者的竞争优势。接下来的命题要检查韩国企业在海外拥有技术竞争优势的实质韩国对外直接投资中涉及的技术是小规模和劳动力密集。在贸易和运输的外国直接投资是下规模投资,因为投资通常不会在大型的实物资产如植物或运输车辆。至于工业制造业,在33家企业中,投资规模超过100万美元的有11家,并且将近75的外国直接投资在制造业。虽然小规模的投资确实存在,数据表明韩国的投资并不一贯的在小规模领域,尤其应该指出的是,基于资源的外国直接投资,除了捕鱼的外国直接投资,都涉及到一些规模比较大的投资为了确定韩国技术劳动的强度和类型
27、,涉及了纺织品企业(33家中的5家),木材开发企业(5家),建筑材料(5家),电子及电子产品(3家),金属产品(3家),制鞋厂(2家),橡胶制品厂(2家),机器设备(2家)和其他(7家)。主要产品类型涉及往往是技术不成熟。至于建筑行业的所有权优势建议采纳大卫(1985)和GYMN1980提出的熟练和半熟练劳动力和劳动密集的观点。因此,这些数据支持了先前的论点,即最不发达的国家采用劳动密集型技术(威尔,1977,1981,1983;拉尔,1984;卢卡,1984)第三个命题的重点是韩国对外直接投资的地理分布制造业外商直接投资流向低收入的最不发达国家。从韩国的研究数据来看,78的总投资分布在亚洲,
28、有11分布在非洲,这种分布格局与以往研究相符。2对外直接投资是作为出口的一种有效的方式在证实为发展中国家的一种有效的出口方式(弗农,1979;陈,1981;周,1981;BUSJEET,1980),有以下三方面的命题曾被研究第一个命题称韩国贸易公司是积极的投资者。通过调查发现,在426个对外直接投资个案中有237个在交易部门,并且他们的投资约占总投资的20(以美元计算)。贸易公司对外直接投资的增加是韩国出口迅速扩张的自然结果。由于韩国出口的增长和外国市场竞争的加剧,越来越多的贸易公司开始建立自己的分支公司、仓储设施和分销渠道。这类投资主要集中在贸易伙伴,83例在北美,54例在亚洲,43例在欧洲
29、。该数据清楚的表明,韩国贸易公司是积极的投资者。第二个命题假定韩国存在对外直接投资的出口平台。出口平台型的外国直接投资是在成熟的产品生命周期中用来定位产品在低成本国家和服务于国内外市场在价格上的竞争优势。在28个韩国制造业中,有6个企业详细的研究了被确定为执行此项的的投资类型3家纺织品企业在斯里兰卡,孟加拉国,洪都拉斯,2家鞋制造企业在斯里兰卡和菲律宾,最后一个拉链厂在菲律宾。例如,一个鞋类生产商在1978年将菲律宾作为出口区域,为北美和欧洲提供产品,此类投资涉及100万美元。然而,其他更小的项目需要涉及投资6万美元到45万美元不等。不过,这些项目可以被视为出口平台投资,因此也符合之前的理论研
30、究。第三个命题假设是一个投资动机是为了避免贸易限制如进口配额和工业化国家征收高税额(陈,1981;BUSJEET,1980)。他的动机同时在上述出口型平台的投资中,通过查找他们的工厂在国家中是否没有这种限制,韩国企业可以避免这种贸易障碍。除了出口平台可以避免贸易限制的国外直接投资。3例制造业企业的对外直接投资发现可以避免东道国的贸易方式。金星,一个大型的电子产品生产商,通过在美国设立生产设施,主要用于装配操作以避免美国的配额限制和潜在的反倾销诉讼。如果没有这些实际和潜在的限制,金星企业也不会把工厂向有廉价劳动力国家迁往劳动力昂贵的国家。通过对外直接投资,金星可以保护潜在的出口限制,同时,目前提高了零件出口到美国。同样,两家木材开发商,在19801981年在印度尼西亚进行生产,结果在当地得到了比韩国配额允许更多的木材。因此,这些数据表明,出口限制以及进口激励使韩国企业趋于向国外投资。