1、1外文翻译AUDITORSINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSDOTHEYINFLUENCEJUDGMENTSABOUTINVESTMENTSMATERIALSOURCEMANAGERIALAUDITINGJOURNALAUTHORARNOLDSCHNEIDERNOPRIORSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEEFFECTSOFAUDITORSINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSONINDIVIDUALSINVESTMENTDECISIONSORINTENTIONSTOINVESTVARIOUSSTUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDISSUESINVOLVI
2、NGTHEEFFECTSOFINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSONLENDERSANDSECURITIESMARKETSTHESEBODIESOFRESEARCHAREDISCUSSEDNEXTONESTUDYHASEXAMINEDTHEEFFECTSOFAUDITORSINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSONLENDINGDECISIONSINANEXPERIMENTWITHLOANOFFICERS,SCHNEIDERANDCHURCH2008FOUNDTHATLENDERSASSESSMENTSOFTHERISKOFEXTENDINGALINEOFCREDITANDTH
3、EPROBABILITYOFEXTENDINGTHELINEOFCREDITARENEGATIVELYAFFECTEDWHENTHECOMPANYRECEIVESANADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONASCOMPAREDTOANUNQUALIFIEDONEAGROWINGBODYOFRESEARCHHASBEENINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTSOFINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSINEQUITYMARKETSWHISENANTETAL2003EXAMINEDTHEINFORMATIONCONTENTOFREPORTABLEEVENTSCOMMU
4、NICATEDBYAUDITORSINFORM8KFILINGS,INCLUDINGTHOSEIDENTIFYINGINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESWHILETHERESULTSREVEALEDTHATDISCLOSURESABOUTFINANCIALSTATEMENTRELIABILITYISSUESHAVEINFORMATIONCONTENTIENEGATIVESTOCKPRICEREACTION,DISCLOSURESOFONLYINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESDONOTASHBAUGHSKAIFEETAL2007ALSOFOUNDNOEVIDENCE
5、OFADVERSEMARKETPRICEREACTIONSASSOCIATEDWITHINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSDISCLOSURESINCONTRAST,DEFRANCOETAL2005PROVIDEDEVIDENCETHATCUMULATIVESIZEADJUSTEDABNORMALRETURNSDECREASEDDURINGATHREEDAYEVENTWINDOWFORCOMPANIESTHATREPORTINTERNALCONTROLDEFICIENCIESSIMILARLY,CHENGETAL2007FOUNDTHATCOMPANIESANNOUNCINGMATE
6、RIALWEAKNESSESSUFFEREDSIGNIFICANTNEGATIVECUMULATIVEABNORMALRETURNSOVERASHORTPERIODSURROUNDINGTHEANNOUNCEMENTDATEALSO,ASTUDYBYIRVING2006REVEALEDTHATSTOCKRETURNVOLATILITYANDTRADINGVOLUMEEXHIBITEDALARGEREVENTPERIODREACTIONTOFIRMSINITIALMATERIALWEAKNESSDISCLOSURESRELATIVETOANADJACENTNONEVENTPERIODANDTOA
7、MATCHEDSAMPLEOFCONTROLFIRMSADDITIONALLY,HAMMERSLEYETAL2008DOCUMENTASIGNIFICANT,NEGATIVESTOCKPRICEREACTIONTOTHEDISCLOSUREOFTHEMOSTSEVEREINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESKIMANDPARK2006FOUNDTHATWHENACOMPANYDISCLOSESITSINTERNALCONTROLDEFICIENCIES,ITSABNORMAL2STOCKRETURNSARENEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHACHANGEINTHEST
8、ANDARDDEVIATIONOFTHEDAILYSTOCKRETURNS,SUGGESTINGTHATIFTHEDISCLOSURESREDUCEUNCERTAINTYINTHEMARKET,THENTHEYHAVEALESSNEGATIVEIMPACTONTHESTOCKPRICETHESTUDYALSOPROVIDEDEVIDENCETHATCOMPANIESEXPERIENCINGHIGHSTOCKRETURNVOLATILITIESDISCLOSETHEIRINTERNALCONTROLPROBLEMSEARLYBENEISHETAL2008FOUNDTHATUNAUDITEDDIS
9、CLOSURESREQUIREDBYSECTION302OFSOXAREASSOCIATEDWITHNEGATIVEANNOUNCEMENTABNORMALRETURNS,WHILEAUDITEDDISCLOSURESREQUIREDBYSECTION404OFSOXHAVENOIMPACTONSTOCKPRICESARCHIVALFINDINGSAREMIXEDASTOTHEEFFECTOFINTERNALCONTROLDISCLOSURESONTHECOSTOFEQUITYORDEBTRESULTSINASHBAUGHSKAIFEETAL2009SUGGESTTHATDISCLOSURES
10、OFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESAREASSOCIATEDWITHAHIGHERCOSTOFEQUITYOGNEVAETAL2007FOUNDTHAT,AFTERCONTROLLINGFORFIRMSPECIFICCHARACTERISTICS,DISCLOSURESOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESARENOTASSOCIATEDWITHTHECOSTOFEQUITYGHOSHANDLUBBERINK2006FOCUSEDONTHECOSTOFDEBTANDTHEIRRESULTSREVEALEDTHATCOMPANIESREPORTINGINTER
11、NALCONTROLWEAKNESSESHADLOWERCOSTOFDEBTBENEISHETAL2008FOUNDTHATUNAUDITEDDISCLOSURESREQUIREDBYSECTION302OFSOXAREASSOCIATEDWITHABNORMALINCREASESINEQUITYCOSTOFCAPITAL,WHILEAUDITEDDISCLOSURESREQUIREDBYSECTION404OFSOXHAVENOIMPACTONFIRMSCOSTOFCAPITALASTUDYINVESTIGATINGINDIVIDUALINVESTORSWASCONDUCTEDBYLOPEZ
12、ETAL2006THEYFOUNDTHATASSESSEDSTOCKPRICESFORCOMPANIESWITHANADVERSEOPINIONONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLSARESIGNIFICANTLYLESSTHANFORCOMPANIESWITHANUNQUALIFIEDOPINIONASAREANDWRIGHT2008EXAMINEDEQUITYANALYSTSBELIEFSANDRECOMMENDATIONSRELATINGTOINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSTHEYFOUNDTHATANALYSTSWHOWEREGIVENIN
13、TERNALCONTROLREPORTSWITHENTITYLEVELWEAKNESSES,RELATIVETOTHOSEGIVENREPORTSWITHACCOUNTSPECIFICWEAKNESSES,HADLOWERCONFIDENCEINTHEMOSTRECENTAUDITEDFINANCIALS,AUDITREPORTONTHEFINANCIALS,ANDINTERNALCONTROLSTRENGTHTHEYALSOHADHIGHERASSESSMENTSOFINVESTMENTRISKANDMOREUNFAVORABLESTOCKRECOMMENDATIONSSHELTONANDW
14、HITTINGTON2008FOUNDTHATADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSAREASSOCIATEDWITHINVESTMENTSANALYSTSASSESSINGCOMPANYRISKHIGHERANDINTERNALCONTROLSTRENGTHLOWERTHEADVERSEOPINIONSALSORESULTEDINAMARGINALLYSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEINTHELIKELIHOODOFRECOMMENDINGSTOCKTOCLIENTSNONEOFTHESESTUDIESWITHINDIVIDUALINVESTORSORANAL
15、YSTSHADTHEPARTICIPANTSMAKEINVESTMENTDECISIONSOREXPRESSINTENTIONSTOINVESTTHECURRENTSTUDYEXAMINESWHETHERJUDGMENTSABOUTINVESTMENTSINTHEFORMOFINTENTIONSMIGHTBEAFFECTEDBYINTERNALCONTROLREPORTS3HYPOTHESESTHISSTUDYTESTSWHETHERTHEAUDITORSINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONHASINFORMATIONCONTENTFORINVESTORSSINCEAUDITORSPR
16、OVIDEOPINIONSONTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,ITISARGUABLEASTOWHETHERANAUDITOPINIONONINTERNALCONTROLSPROVIDESADDITIONALUSEFULINFORMATIONTOINVESTORSTHEASSURANCETHATACCOMPANIESTHEAUDITORSOPINIONONFINANCIALSTATEMENTSMAYVERYWELLNOTBEAFFECTEDBYTHEOPINIONONINTERNALCONTROLSAFINANCIALSTATEMENTAUDITPROVIDESREASONABL
17、EASSURANCEABOUTTHEFAIRNESSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSREGARDLESSOFTHEAUDITORSOPINIONONINTERNALCONTROLSHENCE,ITCOULDBEARGUEDTHATINVESTORSMAYDISREGARDINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSANDJUSTFOCUSONTHEAUDITORSOPINIONONTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSALTERNATIVELY,THEPRESENCEOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSES,ALONGWITHTHEAUDITORSATTESTA
18、TIONOFSUCHWEAKNESSES,MAYCREATECONCERNSABOUTTHERELIABILITYOFTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDTHECOMPANYSUNDERLYINGFUTUREOPERATIONS,THEREBYINCREASINGINVESTORSUNCERTAINTYABOUTTHECOMPANYTHISMAYCAUSEINVESTORSTODISCOUNTTHELEVELOFASSURANCEASSOCIATEDWITHAUDITEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSCONSISTENTWITHTHISASSERTION,MOSTOFTH
19、ERESEARCHRESULTSDISCUSSEDABOVESUGGESTTHATINTERNALCONTROLDISCLOSURESAFFECTINVESTORSPERCEPTIONSOFEARNINGSQUALITYEVENIFINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSDONOTAFFECTPERCEPTIONSABOUTTHERELIABILITYOFTHECURRENTFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,THEYMAYSENDASIGNALABOUTTHERELIABILITYOFFUTUREFINANCIALSTATEMENTSADDITIONALEVIDENCESUGGEST
20、STHATFINANCIALSTATEMENTUSERSWILLCONSIDERINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSINTHEIRDECISIONMAKINGMOSTOFTHESTUDIESREVIEWEDABOVERELATINGTOTHESTOCKMARKETSREACTIONTOINTERNALCONTROLDISCLOSURESFOUNDADVERSEREACTIONSINTHECREDITARENA,MOODYSINVESTORSERVICES2006INIDICATESTHATTHEDISCLOSUREOFMATERIALWEAKNESSESCANAFFECTDEBTRAT
21、INGSINTHEONLYSTUDYTOEXAMINELENDINGDECISIONS,SCHNEIDERANDCHURCH2008FOUNDTHATLENDERSDECISIONSARENEGATIVELYIMPACTEDBYADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSASCOMPAREDTOUNQUALIFIEDONESINTHECURRENTSTUDY,INVESTORSAREEXPECTEDTOCONSIDERINTERNALCONTROLREPORTSINASSESSINGANINVESTMENTTHEINVESTORSMAYREACTDIFFERENTLYTOANA
22、DVERSEOPINIONONINTERNALCONTROLSIEATLEASTONEMATERIALWEAKNESSEXISTSASCOMPAREDTOANUNQUALIFIEDOPINIONIEINTERNALCONTROLSAREEFFECTIVEADVERSEOPINIONSONINTERNALCONTROLSINTRODUCECONCERNSASTOTHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALDATAANDINCREASETHEUNCERTAINTYASSOCIATEDWITHCOMPANY,WHICHIMPACTSTHEDESIRABILITYOFCOMPANYAS4ANIN
23、VESTMENTTHUS,THEFIRSTRESEARCHHYPOTHESISISASFOLLOWSH1INVESTORSJUDGMENTSARENEGATIVELYAFFECTEDBYANADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONASCOMPAREDTOANUNQUALIFIEDINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONITCANALSOBEARGUEDTHATMORESERIOUSINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESHAVEASTRONGERIMPACTONINVESTORSJUDGMENTSTHANLESSSERIOUSINTERNALCONTROLWEA
24、KNESSESLESSERWEAKNESSESSUCHASONESINVOLVINGSPECIFICACCOUNTSORTRANSACTIONSONLYCANUSUALLYBEOFFSETBYSUBSTANTIVETESTINGCRAWFORDETAL,2007,WHEREASSEVEREWEAKNESSESSUCHASONESINVOLVINGTHECOMPANYSOVERALLINTERNALCONTROLENVIRONMENTCANNOTBEADEQUATELYMITIGATEDINDEED,CREDITRATINGAGENCIESMOODYSINVESTORSERVICES,2006D
25、ISTINGUISHBETWEENTHESETWOTYPESOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSES,USINGDIFFERENTAPPROACHESFOREACHPRIORRESEARCHSTUDIESETTREDGEETAL,2006HOITASHETAL,2008RAGHUNANDANANDRAMA,2006HAVEALSOEXAMINEDTHESETWOTYPESOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESSEPARATELYTHESECONDRESEARCHHYPOTHESISISASFOLLOWSH2INVESTORSJUDGMENTSAREMORENEGA
26、TIVELYAFFECTEDBYANADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONRELATINGTOTHECOMPANYSOVERALLCONTROLENVIRONMENTASCOMPAREDTOANADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONRELATINGTOASPECIFICACCOUNTWHENANAUDITORISUNABLETOISSUEANINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONDUETOASCOPELIMITATION,THEAUDITORMUSTISSUEADISCLAIMEROFOPINIONITISNOTCLEARWHETHERINVEST
27、ORSWOULDPERCEIVEADISCLAIMERNEGATIVELY,SOTHETHIRDHYPOTHESISISFRAMEDNONDIRECTIONALLY,ASFOLLOWSH3INVESTORSJUDGMENTSAREAFFECTEDDIFFERENTLYBYADISCLAIMEROFOPINIONONINTERNALCONTROLSASCOMPAREDTOUNQUALIFIEDORADVERSEINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONSEXPERIMENTALTASKEXPERIMENTALSETTINGTHEEXPERIMENTALSETTINGINVOLVESINVEST
28、INGJUDGMENTSRELATINGTOAHYPOTHETICALCOMPANYWHICHISDESCRIBEDINAPPENDIX1PARTICIPANTSAREGIVENQUESTIONNAIRESCONTAININGBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONABOUTTHECOMPANY,FINANCIALDATA,ANALYSTFORECASTSOFEARNINGSANDRECOMMENDATIONS,ANDSTOCKPRICESFORTHEPAST12MONTHSTHEYAREALSOINFORMEDTHATTHECOMPANYISAUDITEDBYABIGFOURCERTIFI
29、EDPUBLICACCOUNTANTCPAFIRMANDTHATTHECOMPANYRECEIVEDACLEANOPINIONONITSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSINADDITION,THEYARETOLDTHATTHECPAFIRMHASISSUEDAREPORT5ONTHECOMPANYSINTERNALCONTROLSALLQUESTIONNAIRESCONTAINTHESAMEINFORMATIONEXCEPTFORTHETYPEOFINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONANDTHENAMEOFTHECOMPANY,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHETYPEO
30、FINTERNALCONTROLOPINIONTHEEXPERIMENTALTASKISTOASSESSTHERISKASSOCIATEDWITHINVESTINGINTHECOMPANYTHEPROBABILITYOFINVESTINGINTHECOMPANYTHEPROBABILITYOFRETAININGTHEINVESTMENTFORATLEASTAYEAR译文审计的内部控制意见他们会影响投资判断吗资料来源管理审计杂志作者阿诺德施耐德在此之前,还没有研究表明影响内部控制审计人员个人意见或意图的投资决策。各种研究已经调查事项涉及证券市场的影响,对债权人和内部控制报告。这些机构的下一步研究
31、讨论。一项研究曾表明审计决定内部控制的意见,对贷款的影响。实验人员在一个符合贷款,SCHNEIDER和CHURCH(2008)发现,贷款人信贷额度的一个风险评估延伸线的信用和扩展的概率是负面影响时,该公司收到一个不利的内部控制的意见是比较不合格的。越来越多的研究机构一直在调查报告的内部市场的控制权益的影响。WHISENANT(2003)申报审查传达了8表格审计师在信息内容的报告活动,包括识别内部控制弱点。虽然结果显示,财务报表的披露问题其可靠性信息的内容(即股票价格的负面反应),弱点只披露没有的内部控制。ASHBAUGHSKAIFE(2007)也没有发现相关证据不利的市场反应价格内部控制薄弱的
32、披露。与此相反,FRANCO(2005)提供了证据,累计大小调整超额收益下降的缺陷报告中,公司内部控制进行为期三天的活动窗口。同样,CHENG(2007)发现,公司在公告之日起的短期内遭受重大负累积异常报酬而宣布的重大弱点。另外,通过学习IRVING(2006)发现,股票收益率波动性和交易量表现出更大的活动期间的反应,在相邻的非事件期间,公司的初步材料披露相对薄弱,以控制企业样本相匹配。此外,HAMMERSLEY(2008)披露了文件一个重要的,消极的股票价格反应了最严重的内部控制弱点。KIM和PARK(2006)发现,当一个公司披露其内部控制缺陷,与股票日收益的变化的标准差及其异常的股价报酬
33、负相关时,表明如果披露减少市场的不确定性,那么他们对股票价格有较低的负面影响。6这项研究还提供了证据,公司早期遇到高股票收益率波动性披露其内部控制的问题。BENEISH(2008)发现,未经审计的萨班斯法案302节规定披露关联负公布异常报酬,而审计披露没有要求萨班斯法案404节对股票价格的影响。档案调查分析发现,作为内部控制的披露或成本上的权益对债务的影响。ASHBAUGHSKAIFE(2009)建议披露公平与成本较高的内部控制弱点的结果。OGNEVA(2007)发现,控制后的特点为企业特有的,披露内部控制薄弱环节不同与股权成本。GHOSH和LUBBERINK(2006)的结果集中在显示公司内
34、部控制薄弱环节的成本较低的债务成本和债务报告。BENEISH(2008)发现,未经审核的披露要求萨班斯法案第302节都与资本的成本在权益的异常增加有关,同时披露经审计的萨班斯法案404节没有规定资本对企业的影响的成本。个人投资者的一项研究调查是由LOPEZ(2006)他们发现,价格管制与评估上市公司的内部不利的有效性发表意见上明显低于无保留意见的公司。ASARE和WRIGHT(2008)研究股票分析师有关内部控制报告的信念和建议。他们发现分析家认为谁是弱点与实体层面给予内部控制报告的弱点,相对与帐户者给予具体的报告,有较低的信心在最近的财务审计报表,审计报告的财务状况,内部控制力量。他们也有较
35、高的股票的建议进行评估,投资风险和更为不利。SHELTON和WHITTINGTON(2008)发现,不良的内部控制的意见与低投资分析师评估公司的风险较高,内部控制力量。不利的意见也产生了显着性差异轻微客户股票的建议的可能性。无投资者或分析家这些研究与个别有与会者作出投资决定或表达意向投资。目前的研究探讨在有关投资的报告是否意图判断的形式,可能会影响内部控制。假设内部控制测试是否认为这项研究的核数师有资料投资者的内容。由于核数师提供有关财务报表的意见,这是值得商榷,是否内部控制审计意见提供了更多有用的信息给投资者。伴随着舆论的保证,对财务报表的核数师很可能不会受到影响内部控制的意见。一个财务报表
36、审计的财务报表提供合理保证的公平性,不论有关的核数师对内部控制的意见。因此,可以认为,投资者可能忽视内部控制的意见,只集中于核数师对财务报表发表意见。另外,弱点存在内部控制薄弱环节,随着核数师等的认证的,可能会造成对未来的业务也令人担忧的可靠性财务报表和公司的基础,从而增加投资者对公司的不确定性。这可能导致投资者优惠的发言级财政审计相关的保证。与此相一致断言,上述大部分研究结果表明,讨论了内部控制信息披露影响投资者的收益质量的看法。即使内部控制报告的看法,不影响有关财务报表的可靠性,目前,他们可能会发出一个信号陈述有关金融的可靠性未来。更多的证据表明,财务报表的用户会考虑他们的决定进行内部控制
37、的报告。披露大部分内部控制,以这些研究审查上述有关股市的反应发现不良反应。在7信贷领域,穆迪投资者服务的弱点披露的材料可能会影响债券评级。在唯一的研究,审查贷款决定,SCHNEIDER和CHURCH(2008)发现,贷款人的决定是不利的负面影响的内部控制不合格意见的水平。在目前的研究,投资者预计将审议评估一个投资的内部控制报告英寸投资者的反应可能不同,以有效(不良的控制是内部控制的意见)即至少有一个重大缺点的存在即内部。内部控制不良的意见提出的关注,以对数据的可靠性,提高金融与公司有关的不确定性,从而影响公司的投资作为一种可取。因此,第一个研究假设如下H1投资者的判断是不利的负面影响内部控制的
38、意见相比,一无保留意见的内部控制。它也可以这样说,更严重的内部控制薄弱环节有一个缺点较强的影响小于对投资者判断的严重的内部控制。小的弱点或交易帐户,如涉及具体的人,通常只能抵消实质性测试(CRAWFORD,2007),而严重的弱点,如涉及公司整体内部控制环境不能得到充分的缓解。事实上,信用评级机构(MOODYSINVESTORSERVICES,2006)内部控制薄弱环节区分这两种类型的,使用的每个不同的方法。以前的研究也有探讨过内部控制的弱点,而这些两种类型的分别。第二个研究假设如下H2投资者的判断更加不利的负面影响内部控制环境的意见与公司的总体控制相比,内部控制不良的意见与之有关的特定帐户。
39、当审计师无法出具内部控制的意见由于范围限制,审核员必须出具拒绝表示意见的。目前尚不清楚投资者是否会认为一个声明是否定的,所以第三个假设是诬陷非定向,具体如下H3投资者的判断受到的影响不同意见声明由一对内部控制的意见相比,不合格的或不良的内部控制。对实验任务进行实验设置,实验设定投资判决涉及到一个假想公司是在附录1中所述。与会者给出的问卷包含,财务数据,分析师预测的收入和价格的建议,以及股票过去12个月该公司的背景资料。他们还告知,该公司是由四大审计的注册会计师(CPA)的公司以及该公司收到其财务报表上一个干净的意见。此外,他们被告知,该会计师事务所已发出控制报告公司的内部。所有问卷包含内部控制的意见相同的信息除了类型的内部控制的意见和公司名称,类型,对应于实验的任务是评估与公司投资所涉及的风险;在该公司投资的可能性;今年概率至少保留在投资。