1、外文翻译DETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/JOURNALFSVCUNICZAUTHORPATRIKBAUERTHEMODERNTHEORYOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREWASESTABLISHEDBYMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958THIRTYSEVENYEARSLATER,RAJANANDZINGALES1995,P1421STATED“THEORYHASCLEARLYMADESOMEPROGRESSONTHESUBJECTWENOWUNDERSTANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDEPARTURESFR
2、OMTHEMODIGLIANIANDMILLERASSUMPTIONSTHATMAKECAPITALSTRUCTURERELEVANTTOAFIRMSVALUEHOWEVER,VERYLITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHEEMPIRICALRELEVANCEOFTHEDIFFERENTTHEORIES”SIMILARLY,HARRISANDRAVIV1991,P299INTHEIRSURVEYOFCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESCLAIMED“THEMODELSSURVEYEDHAVEIDENTIFIEDALARGENUMBEROFPOTENTIALDETERMINANTS
3、OFCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEEMPIRICALWORKSOFARHASNOT,HOWEVER,SORTEDOUTWHICHOFTHESEAREIMPORTANTINVARIOUSCONTEXTS”THUS,SEVERALCONDITIONALTHEORIESOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREEXISTNONEISUNIVERSAL,BUTVERYLITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHEIREMPIRICALRELEVANCEMOREOVER,THEEXISTINGEMPIRICALEVIDENCEISBASEDMAINLYONDATAFROMDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIE
4、SG7COUNTRIESFINDINGSBASEDONDATAFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVENOTAPPEAREDUNTILRECENTLYFOREXAMPLEBOOTHETAL2001ORHUANGANDSONG2002SOFAR,NOSTUDYHASBEENPUBLISHEDBASEDONDATAFROMTRANSITIONCOUNTRIESOFCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE,ATLEASTTOTHEEXTENTOFTHISAUTHORSKNOWLEDGETHEMAINGOALOFTHISPAPERISTOFILLTHISGAP,EXPLORINGT
5、HECASEOFTHECZECHREPUBLIC1THEORETICALACCORDINGTOMYERS2001,P81,“THEREISNOUNIVERSALTHEORYOFTHEDEBTEQUITYCHOICE,ANDNOREASONTOEXPECTONE”HOWEVER,THEREARESEVERALUSEFULCONDITIONALTHEORIES,EACHOFWHICHHELPSTOUNDERSTANDTHEDEBTTOEQUITYSTRUCTURETHATFIRMSCHOOSETHESETHEORIESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOGROUPSEITHERTHEYPREDI
6、CTTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEOPTIMALDEBTEQUITYRATIOFOREACHFIRMSOCALLEDSTATICTRADEOFFMODELSORTHEYDECLARETHATTHEREISNOWELLDEFINEDTARGETCAPITALSTRUCTUREPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISSTATICTRADEOFFMODELSUNDERSTANDTHEOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREASANOPTIMALSOLUTIONOFATRADEOFF,FOREXAMPLETHETRADEOFFBETWEENATAXSHIELDANDTHECOSTSOFF
7、INANCIALDISTRESSINTHECASEOFTRADEOFFTHEORYACCORDINGTOTHISTHEORYTHEOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREISACHIEVEDWHENTHEMARGINALPRESENTVALUEOFTHETAXSHIELDONADDITIONALDEBTISEQUALTOTHEMARGINALPRESENTVALUEOFTHECOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRESSONADDITIONALDEBTTHETRADEOFFBETWEENTHEBENEFITSOFSIGNALINGANDTHECOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRE
8、SSINTHECASEOFSIGNALINGTHEORYIMPLIESTHATACOMPANYCHOOSESDEBTRATIOASASIGNALABOUTITSTYPETHEREFOREINTHECASEOFAGOODCOMPANYTHEDEBTMUSTBELARGEENOUGHTOACTASANINCENTIVECOMPATIBLESIGNAL,IE,ITDOESNOTPAYOFFFORABADCOMPANYTOMIMICITINTHECASEOFAGENCYTHEORYTHETRADEOFFBETWEENAGENCYCOSTS4STIPULATESTHATTHEOPTIMALCAPITAL
9、STRUCTUREISACHIEVEDWHENAGENCYCOSTSAREMINIMIZEDFINALLY,THETRADEOFFBETWEENCOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRESSANDINCREASEOFEFFICIENCYINTHECASEOFFREECASHFLOWTHEORY,WHICHISDESIGNEDMAINLYFORFIRMSWITHEXTRAHIGHFREECASHFLOWS,SUGGESTSTHATTHEHIGHDEBTRATIODISCIPLINESMANAGERSTOPAYOUTCASHINSTEADOFINVESTINGITBELOWTHECOSTOFCA
10、PITALORWASTINGITONORGANIZATIONALINEFFICIENCIESONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYSUGGESTSTHATTHEREISNOOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREFIRMSARESUPPOSEDTOPREFERINTERNALFINANCINGRETAINEDEARNINGSTOEXTERNALFUNDSWHENINTERNALCASHFLOWISNOTSUFFICIENTTOFINANCECAPITALEXPENDITURES,FIRMSWILLBORROW,RATHERTHANISSUEEQUITYT
11、HEREFORETHEREISNOWELLDEFINEDOPTIMALLEVERAGE,BECAUSETHEREARETWOKINDSOFEQUITY,INTERNALANDEXTERNAL,ONEATTHETOPOFTHEPECKINGORDERANDONEATTHEBOTTOMEXISTINGEMPIRICALEVIDENCEISBASEDMAINLYONDATAFROMDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESFOREXAMPLEBRADLEYETAL1984,KIMANDSORENSEN1986,FRIENDANDLANG1988,TITMANANDWESSELS1988ANDCHAPLIN
12、SKYANDNIEHAUS1993FOCUSONUNITEDSTATESCOMPANIESKESTER1986COMPARESUNITEDSTATESANDJAPANESEMANUFACTURINGCORPORATIONSRAJANANDZINGALES1995EXAMINEFIRMSFROMG7COUNTRIESANDWALD1999USESDATAFORG7COUNTRIESEXCEPTCANADAANDITALYFINDINGSBASEDONDATAFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVEAPPEAREDONLYINRECENTYEARS,FOREXAMPLEBOOTHET
13、AL2001ORHUANGANDSONG20022DETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTURE21SIZEFROMTHETHEORETICALPOINTOFVIEW,THEEFFECTOFSIZEONLEVERAGEISAMBIGUOUSASRAJANANDZINGALES1995,P1451CLAIM“LARGERFIRMSTENDTOBEMOREDIVERSIFIEDANDFAILLESSOFTEN,SOSIZECOMPUTEDASTHELOGARITHMOFNETSALESMAYBEANINVERSEPROXYFORTHEPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCYIF
14、SO,SIZESHOULDHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHESUPPLYDEBTHOWEVER,SIZEMAYALSOBEAPROXYFORTHEINFORMATIONOUTSIDEINVESTORSHAVE,WHICHSHOULDINCREASETHEIRPREFERENCEFOREQUITYRELATIVETODEBT”ALSOEMPIRICALSTUDIESDONOTPROVIDEUSWITHCLEARINFORMATIONSOMEAUTHORSFINDAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENSIZEANDLEVERAGE,FOREXAMPLEHUANGANDSON
15、G2002,RAJANANDZINGALES19957ANDFRIENDANDLANG1988ONTHEOTHERHAND,SOMESTUDIESREPORTANEGATIVERELATION,FOREXAMPLEKESTER,1986,KIMSORENSEN,1986ANDTITMANWESSELS,1988MOREOVER,THERESULTSAREVERYOFTENWEAKASFARASTHELEVELOFSTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEISCONCERNED22PROFITABILITYTHEREARENOCONSISTENTTHEORETICALPREDICTIONSO
16、NTHEEFFECTSOFPROFITABILITYONLEVERAGEFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHETRADEOFFTHEORY,MOREPROFITABLECOMPANIESSHOULDHAVEHIGHERLEVERAGEBECAUSETHEYHAVEMOREINCOMETOSHIELDFROMTAXESTHEFREECASHFLOWTHEORYWOULDSUGGESTTHATMOREPROFITABLECOMPANIESSHOULDUSEMOREDEBTINORDERTODISCIPLINEMANAGERS,TOINDUCETHEMTOPAYOUTCASHINSTEADO
17、FSPENDINGMONEYONINEFFICIENTPROJECTSHOWEVER,FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORY,FIRMSPREFERINTERNALFINANCINGTOEXTERNALSOMOREPROFITABLECOMPANIESHAVEALOWERNEEDFOREXTERNALFINANCINGANDTHEREFORESHOULDHAVELOWERLEVERAGEMOSTEMPIRICALSTUDIESOBSERVEANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDPROFITABILITY,FOR
18、EXAMPLERAJANZINGALES,19958,HUANGSONG,2002,BOOTHETAL,2001,TITMANWESSELS,1988,FRIENDLANG,1988ANDKESTER,198623TANGIBILITYITISASSUMED,FROMTHETHEORETICALPOINTOFVIEW,THATTANGIBLEASSETSCANBEUSEDASCOLLATERALTHEREFOREHIGHERTANGIBILITYLOWERSTHERISKOFACREDITORANDINCREASESTHEVALUEOFTHEASSETSINTHECASEOFBANKRUPTC
19、YASBOOTHETAL2001,P101STATE“THEMORETANGIBLETHEFIRMSASSETS,THEGREATERITSABILITYTOISSUESECUREDDEBTANDTHELESSINFORMATIONREVEALEDABOUTFUTUREPROFITS”THUSAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENTANGIBILITYANDLEVERAGEISPREDICTEDSEVERALEMPIRICALSTUDIESCONFIRMTHISSUGGESTION,SUCHASRAJANZINGALES,1995,FRIENDLANG,1988ANDTITMANWE
20、SSELS,1988FINDONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREXAMPLEBOOTHETAL2001ANDHUANGANDSONG2002EXPERIENCEANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENTANGIBILITYANDLEVERAGEINTHISSTUDY,TANGIBILITYISDEFINEDASTANGIBLEASSETSDIVIDEDBYTOTALASSETS24GROWTHOPPORTUNITIESACCORDINGTOMYERS1977,FIRMSWITHHIGHFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESSHOULDUSEMOREEQUITYFINANC
21、ING,BECAUSEAHIGHERLEVERAGEDCOMPANYISMORELIKELYTOPASSUPPROFITABLEINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESASHUANGANDSONG2002,P9CLAIM“SUCHANINVESTMENTEFFECTIVELYTRANSFERSWEALTHFROMSTOCKHOLDERSTODEBTHOLDERS”THEREFOREANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDLEVERAGEISPREDICTEDSOMEEMPIRICALSTUDIESCONFIRMTHETHEORETICA
22、LPREDICTION,SUCHASRAJANZINGALES,1995,KIMSORENSEN,1986ORTITMANWESSELS,1988REPORTHOWEVER,FOREXAMPLE,KESTER1986ANDHUANGANDSONG2002DEMONSTRATEAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDLEVERAGE25TAXACCORDINGTOTHETRADEOFFTHEORY,ACOMPANYWITHAHIGHERTAXRATESHOULDUSEMOREDEBTANDTHEREFORESHOULDHAVEHIGHERLEV
23、ERAGE,BECAUSEITHASMOREINCOMETOSHIELDFROMTAXESHOWEVER,FOREXAMPLEFAMAANDFRENCH1998DECLARETHATDEBTHASNONETTAXBENEFITSASMACKIEMASON1990,P1471CLAIMS“NEARLYEVERYONEBELIEVESTAXESMUSTBEIMPORTANTTOFINANCINGDECISION,BUTLITTLESUPPORTHASBEENFOUNDINEMPIRICALANALYSIS”ASHEALSOPOINTSOUTMACKIEMASON,1990,P1471“THISPA
24、PERPROVIDESCLEAREVIDENCEOFSUBSTANTIALTAXEFFECTSONTHECHOICEBETWEENISSUINGDEBTOREQUITYMOSTSTUDIESFAILTOFINDSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSOTHERPAPERSMISSTHEFACTTHATMOSTTAXSHIELDSHAVEANEGLIGIBLEEFFECTONTHEMARGINALTAXRATEFORMOSTFIRMSNEWPREDICTIONSARESTRONGLYSUPPORTEDBYANEMPIRICALANALYSISTHEMETHODISTOSTUDYINCREMENTAL
25、FINANCINGDECISIONSUSINGDISCRETECHOICEANALYSISPREVIOUSRESEARCHERSEXAMINEDDEBTEQUITYRATIOS,BUTTESTSBASEDONINCREMENTALDECISIONSSHOULDHAVEGREATERPOWER”ASHEADDS,DEBTEQUITYRATIOS“ARETHECUMULATIVERESULTOFYEARSOFSEPARATEDECISIONSTESTSBASEDONASINGLEAGGREGATEOFDIFFERENTDECISIONSARELIKELYTOHAVELOWPOWERFOREFFEC
26、TSATTHEMARGIN”MACKIEMASON,1990,P1472HOWEVER,ASDATATOPERFORMSIMILARANALYSISASMACKIEMASON,1990ISNOTAVAILABLEINTHECZECHREPUBLIC,THEAVERAGETAXRATEDEFINEDASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENEARNINGSBEFORETAXESANDEARNINGSAFTERTAXES,SCALEDBYEARNINGSBEFORETAXES,ISUSEDASAPROXYVARIABLETOANALYSETHETAXEFFECTSONLEVERAGEINTHIS
27、STUDY26NONDEBTTAXSHIELDSOTHERITEMSAPARTFROMINTERESTEXPENSES,WHICHCONTRIBUTETOADECREASEINTAXPAYMENTS,ARELABELLEDASNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSFOREXAMPLETHETAXDEDUCTIONFORDEPRECIATIONACCORDINGTOANGELOMASULIS1980,P21“CETERISPARIBUS,DECREASESINALLOWABLEINVESTMENTRELATEDTAXSHIELDSEG,DEPRECIATIONDEDUCTIONSORINVESTME
28、NTTAXCREDITSDUETOCHANGESINTHECORPORATETAXCODEORDUETOCHANGESININFLATIONWHICHREDUCETHEREALVALUEOFTAXSHIELDSWILLINCREASETHEAMOUNTOFDEBTTHATFIRMSEMPLOYINCROSSSECTIONALANALYSIS,FIRMSWITHLOWERINVESTMENTRELATEDTAXSHIELDSHOLDINGBEFORETAXEARNINGSCONSTANTWILLEMPLOYGREATERDEBTINTHEIRCAPITALSTRUCTURES”SOTHEYARG
29、UETHATNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSARESUBSTITUTESFORADEBTRELATEDTAXSHIELDANDTHEREFORETHERELATIONBETWEENNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSANDLEVERAGESHOULDBENEGATIVESOMEEMPIRICALSTUDIESCONFIRMTHETHEORETICALPREDICTION,FOREXAMPLEKIMANDSORENSEN1986,P140DECLARE“DEPR9HASASIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVECOEFFICIENTTHISISCONSISTENTWITHTHENOTIONTH
30、ATDEPRECIATIONISANEFFECTIVETAXSHIELD,ANDTHUSOFFSETSTHETAXSHIELDBENEFITSOFLEVERAGE”ANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSANDLEVERAGEISALSOFOUNDBYHUANGSONG,2002ANDTITMANWESSELS,1988HOWEVER,FOREXAMPLEBRADLEYETAL1984ANDCHAPLINSKYANDNIEHAUS1993OBSERVEAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSANDLEV
31、ERAGEDEPRECIATIONDIVIDEDBYTOTALASSETSISUSEDINORDERTOPROXYFORNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSINTHISSTUDY27VOLATILITYVOLATILITYMAYBEUNDERSTOODASAPROXYFORRISKOFAFIRMPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCYTHEREFOREITISASSUMEDTHATVOLATILITYISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOLEVERAGEHOWEVER,ASHUANGANDSONG2002,P9STATEBASEDONFINDINGSOFHSIA1981“ASTHEVA
32、RIANCEOFTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMSASSETSINCREASES,THESYSTEMATICRISKOFEQUITYDECREASESSOTHEBUSINESSRISKISEXPECTEDTOBEPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOLEVERAGE”THEPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENVOLATILITYANDLEVERAGEISCONFIRMEDBYKIMSORENSEN,1986ANDHUANGSONG,2002CONVERSELY,ANEGATIVERELATIONISFOUNDBYBRADLEYETAL,1984ANDTITMANWESSELS,19
33、88INTHISSTUDY,STANDARDDEVIATIONOFRETURNONASSETSISUSEDASAPROXYFORVOLATILITY28INDUSTRYCLASSIFICATIONSOMEEMPIRICALSTUDIESIDENTIFYASTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDUSTRYCLASSIFICATIONANDLEVERAGE,SUCHASBRADLEYETAL,1984,LONGMALITZ,1985,ANDKESTER,1986ASHARRISANDRAVIV1991,P333CLAIM,BASEDONASURV
34、EYOFEMPIRICALSTUDIES“DRUGS,INSTRUMENTS,ELECTRONICS,ANDFOODHAVECONSISTENTLYLOWLEVERAGEWHILEPAPER,TEXTILEMILLPRODUCTS,STEEL,AIRLINES,ANDCEMENTHAVECONSISTENTLYLARGELEVERAGE”译文资本结构的决定因素资料来源HTTP/JOURNALFSVCUNICZ作者PATRIKBAUER现代资本结构理论的建立始于MODIGLIANI和MILLER(1958)。37年以后,RAJAN和ZINGALES提出“资本结构理论已经取得了很大的进展。现在我们
35、了解最重要的MM理论假设使资本结构与公司价值相关联。然而,还有一些几乎不为人所知的相关理论的实证研究。”同样的,HARRIS和RAVIV(1991)在他们其资本结构理论的最新调查显示这些模型调查已经确定例了影响资本结构的潜在因素很多。不过迄今还没有实证研究,然而,从这些不同的环境中分类出来很重要。因此,一些条件的资本结构理论是普遍存在的,但是关于他们的实证性知道很少。此外,现在实证研究的数据主要都来自发达国家G7国家。对于数据基于发展中国家的调查很少,例如BOOTH等人。到目前为止,还没有研究正在转型期的中欧和东欧国家,本文的主要目的是研究捷克共和国来弥补这一不足。1理论根据MYERS(200
36、1),“不存在债权平衡理论和股权选择,也不用期待这种情况。”然而,也有几个有条件的理论,每一个都有助于我们了解资本结构供公司抉择。这些理论分为两个部分要么他们预测每个公司最佳的债务产权比率(所以被称作权衡理论模型),或者他们声明没有明确的目标资本结构(啄食顺序理论)。静态权衡模型是一种了解最优资本结构的最优解模型,例如税盾和财务危机下的费用之间的平衡理论。根据这一理论,最优的资本结构是附加的负债税盾的边际现值和附加的财务危机下费用的边际现值相等的时候。信号效益和财务危机费用之间的权衡,是在信号理论暗示企业选择资产负债比率作为信号的类型的情况下。因此,在一个良好的情况下,公司的债务作为一种激励兼
37、容的信号必须足够大,即它不会为了一个好的形象而去清偿债务。代理成本理论认为最优资本结构是指代理成本最小化的时候。最后,自由现金理论是财务危机费用和成本的增加之间的权衡,这主要用于公司没有很高的闲置现金,这表明高负债比率的产生,不是去投资比成本低或者是降低效益的项目。另一方面,啄食顺序理论表明没有最优资本结构。比起外部融资,公司更喜欢内部融资(留存收益)。当公司的流动资金不足以支付资本性支出的时候,比起发行股票,他们更喜欢借款。因此没有确切的最佳杠杆作用,因为有内部和外部两种股权。现有的实证研究数据主要来自发达国家,例如BRADLEY(1984),KIM和SORENSEN(1986),FRIEN
38、D和LANG(1988),TITMAN和WESSELS(1988),CHAPLINSKY和NIEHAUS(1993)都集中在美国的公司,KESTER(1986)主要比较美国和日本的制造业,RAJAN和ZINGALES(1995)主要研究G7七国的公司,WALD(1999)用了除了加拿大和意大利的其他五国的数据。结果数据基于发展中国家的只有在最近几年出现,例如BOOTH(2001)和黄宋(2002)。2资本结构的决定因素21企业规模从理论上讲,企业规模对财务杠杆的影响是不明确的。RAJAN和ZINGALES(1995)表示大公司往往趋向于多元化而且不容易破产,所以企业规模与破产概率负相关。如果是
39、这样的话,企业规模大可能对融资有积极的影响,可以加大外部融资者的偏好。另外实证研究也没有做出一个明确的结论。一些研究者认为企业规模和财务杠杆正相关,例如黄宋(2002),RAJAN和ZINGALES(1995)和FRIEND和LANG(1988)。而有些学者认为是负相关关系,例如KESTER(1986),KIMSORENSEN(1986)和TITMANWESSELS(1988)。而且就统计数据的水平而言,结果不是很有说服力。22盈利能力现在还没有一致的理论预测盈利能力对财务杠杆的影响。根据权衡理论的观点,盈利能力高的公司应该有更高的杠杆作用,因为他们有更多的税收收入保护,自由现金理论建议盈利能
40、力高的公司可以有更高的负债,以管理纪律,促使他们多付出,引导他们不要把现金花在低效率的项目上。然而,从啄食顺序理论角度看,公司更喜欢内部融资。所以盈利能力越高的公司对外部融资的需求较低,因此有较低的杠杆作用。大多数的实证研究表明盈利能力和杠杆作用负相关,例如RAJANZINGALES(1995),黄宋(2002,BOOTH(2001,TITMANWESSELS(1988,FRIENDLANG(1988)和KESTER(1986)。23资产担保价值人们从理论的角度猜测,有形资产可以作为抵押。因此高的资产担保价值能够降低债权人的风险,同时增加资产的价值以防破产。正如BOOTH(2001)等人认为公
41、司的有形资产越多,则更有能力去发行有担保的债券。因此对资产担保价值和杠杆作用的关系进行了预测。许多实证研究也证实了这点,例如RAJANZINGALES(1995),FRIENDLANG(1988)和TITMANWESSELS(1988)。另一方面,BOOTH(2001)和黄宋(2002)则证实是负相关,在这项研究中,资产担保价值是指有形资产除以总资产。24成长性据MYERS(1977)研究认为,公司如果有高的增长机会,应该使用更多的股权融资,因为杠杆作用很高的公司更容易错过有利的投资机会。例如黄宋(2002)认为这样的投资有效地把财富从股东转移到债权人。因此公司的成长性和杠杆作用呈负相关关系。
42、一些实证研究也证实了这个理论预测,例如RAJANZINGALES(1995),KIMSORENSEN(1986),TITMANWESSELS(1988),然而,例如黄宋(2002)则证实两者呈正相关关系。25税收根据权衡理论,具有较高税率的公司应该有更多的债务,因此应该有更高的杠杆作用,因为他有更多的税收收入保护。然而,例如法国FAMA(1998)认为负债没有净税收优惠。MACKIEMASON(1990)认为几乎每个人都认为税收对融资决策非常重要,但是对实证研究分析的支持性不足。他同时指出本文提供了大量的实质性证据证明税收效应在负债和权益之间选择的重要性,其他研究忽视了一点,即大多数的税盾效应
43、对大多数公司的边际税率影响可以忽略。相对而言,离散分析方法更具有说服力。前人研究债务产权比率,但是这个比率是基于多年累积得出的。然而在捷克是无法做类似的数据分析的,平均税率就定义为息税前收入和息税后收入的平均值,按扣税前的值作为代理变量去分析税收对杠杆效益的影响。26非负债税盾除了利息支出以外能降低税款的项目被定义为非负债税盾。根据ANGELOMASULIS(1980)其他条件不变,降低与投资相关的税盾(例如折旧扣除额或者投资税减免)取决于在公司税法变化和通货膨胀的改变,以减少税收增加公司的实际价值。从侧面分析,企业以与投资相关的低税盾来增加更多的负债。所以他们认为非负债税盾能够取代负债融资所
44、产生的节税利益,因此非负债税盾和杠杆作用呈负相关关系。一些实证研究也证实了这个理论预测,例如KIM和SORENSEN(1986)认为折旧有显著的负作用,折旧是一种有效的税盾,从而抵消税盾的杠杆利益。然而,例如BRADLEY(1984),CHAPLINSKY和NIEHAUS(1993)认为他们呈正相关关系。27波动性波动性被认为是企业的代理风险(破产概率)。因此它被假定为与杠杆作用相关的波动负相关。然而,正如黄宋(2002)研究说当一个企业的资产增加时,系统性风险随着股权的减少而增加,所以经营风险和杠杆作用正相关。索伦森(1986)和黄宋(2002)也证实了波动性和杠杆作用的正相关关系,相反地,布拉德利(1984)和姚德芬(1988)证实其呈负相关关系,在这项研究中,资产收益率的标准偏差被作为波动性的指标。28行业因素一些研究证明行业因素也和杠杆作用相关,例如BRADLEY(1984),LONGMALITZ(1985)和KESTER(1986)。正如HARRIS和RAVIV基于调查研究证实医药业,机械业,电子业和食品业的杠杆作用小,而造纸业,纺织业,钢铁业,航空业,和水泥业的杠杆作用比较大。