1、一、概述语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。She typed a letter. (主动，主语 She是 type动作的执行者)A letter was typed by her.（被动，主语 A letter是 typed动作的承受者）Granny takes care of the girl. (主动，主语 Granny是 take care of动作的执行者)The girl is ta
2、ken care of by Granny. （被动，主语 The girl是 take care of动作的承受者）二、被动语态1、被动语态的概述被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。Farming tools are being sent to the countryside. 农具正运往农村。He had been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。2、构成其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词 be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与 be作为连系动词时完
3、全一样。现以动词 see为例列表如下：式时一般式进行式完成式现在时 amis seenareamis being seenarehasbeen seenhave过去时 wasseenwerewasbeing seenwerehad been seen将来时 shallseenwillshallhave been seenwill过去将来时shouldbe seenwouldshouldhave been seenwould注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed 形式。含有“be going to , be
4、to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed 形式”构成。巧记：被动特点强调宾（语）， 用 be加上过去分（词），行为对象做主语，逻辑主语 by引。I need one more stamp before my collection is completed . 我的邮集还需要一张邮票就完成了。（一般现在时被动语态）- Ive been told the sports meet might be put off.有人告诉我说运动会可能延期举行
5、。(现在完成时的被动态)-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是，这完全看天气而定。The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken. 如果不采取措施该地区的水污染会更加严重。（一般将来时的被动语态）I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 给了我五分钟时间来决定是否接受这些馈赠。（一般过去时态的被动语态）If city noises are not kept from increa
6、sing, people will have to shout to be heard even at dinner table 20 years from now如果不阻止城市噪音污染扩大，从现在算起 20年后，即使人们在餐桌边吃饭时也必须大喊才能听得见。（一般现在时被动语态的否定）He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。（含有情态动词的被动语态）The life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。(现在进行时的被动语态)He said that the books would
7、be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。(过去将来时的被动态)巧记：被动不离“be”“p.p.”，主谓一致莫忘记，句中时态要留意，“进行”易漏一个“be”。3、被动语态的使用范围（1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用 by短语。This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。English is spoken in Canada. 加拿大讲英语。（2）为了强调动作的承受者时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhi
8、bits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。The song was composed by a student. 这首歌是一个学生谱写的。（3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。The plan was generally considered not practical. 普遍认为这个计划不实用。Its said that he would come back soon. 据说他很快就会来。常用于如下短语：Its
9、not known that 不得而知 Its said that 据说Its reported that 据报道 Its not decided that尚未决定Its believed that 据认为 Its announced that据宣布巧记：动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者要强调，用被动语态最为妙。4、主动语态变为被动语态主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为 by介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被
10、动句在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为 by的宾语，但是短语可以不要。Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。He wrote a letter. (active voice)他写了一封信。A letter was written by him. (passive voice)他写了一封信。（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合
11、宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing 和 V-ed等。行为动词They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。They named the boy John. (active voice)他们给这男孩取名约翰。The boy was named Jo
12、hn. (passive voice)这男孩被取名为约翰。We found him working in the factory. (active voice)我们发现他正在工厂干活。He was found working in the factory. (passive voice)他被发现正在工厂干活。感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear 等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号 to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了 to再加上。They made him go there alone. 他们
13、让他自己去那里。He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. 我看到他穿过马路到银行去了。He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 有人看见他穿过马路到银行去了。注意：动词是 let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带 to。They let John go.他们让约翰走。John was let go. 约翰不得不走。（3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句直接宾语是名词、代词时有些动词（give, tell, buy 等）在
14、句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词 to（有时可以省去）或 for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。My mother gave me a pencil.妈
15、妈送给了我一支铅笔。I was given a pencil by my mother.我妈妈给了我一支铅笔。A pencil was given(to)me by my mother. （介词 to可以省略）这支铅笔是妈妈给的。Father bought me a new coat.爸爸给我买了一件新上衣。I was bought a new coat. 有人给我买了一件新上衣。A new coat was bought for me. （介词 for不可省略）这件新上衣是别人给我买的。注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词 to不可省略。This apple is given to
16、me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。直接宾语是从句时如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。He asked me whether the meeting was to be put off. 他问我会议是否推迟。I was asked whether
17、the meeting was to be put off. 有人问我是否要推迟会议。（4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用 it作为被动结构的形式主语。Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.(active voice)无人知道矿中是否还有黄金。It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. ( passive voice)矿中是否还有黄金无人知道。We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。It w
18、as believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。He reported that they had finished the project. 他报道说，他们已经完成了工程。They were reported to have finished the project. 据报道，他们已经完成了工程。（5）带有情态动词或 b
19、e going to的主动句换为被动句如果主动句带有情态动词或 be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或 be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。He is going to give me a book. 他打算给我一本书。I am going to be given a book. 有人打算给我一本书。We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。Measures must be taken to stop pollut
20、ion. 必须采取措施制止污染。5、被动结构的时态被动语态的时态是由 be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed 形式来构成的（1）一般现在时一般现在时的被动结构是由“be 的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. 在世界上有的地方，茶和奶一起喝。Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。Jack, you are wanted on the phone. 杰克，电话里有人找你。I am asked to
21、do the work. 有人让我干这件工作。（2）一般过去式一般过去式的被动结构是由“be 的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。Shortly after we were seated, a waiter came over to our table with a smile. 我们刚坐下，就一个服务员微笑着来到我们桌旁服务。The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑是 1559年建成的。His leg was broken in an accident. 他的腿在一次车祸中骨折了。（3）一般将来时一般将来时的被动结构是由“be 的
22、一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡会建更多的工厂。He will be taken to the park on Sunday. 星期天有人要带他到公园。（4）现在进行时现在进行时的被动结构是由“be 的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。-Have you moved into the new house?你搬入新居了吗？-Not yet.The rooms are being painted.还没呢，房间正在上油。
23、The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。A teaching building is being built now. 现在正建造一座教学大楼。（5）过去进行时过去进行时的被动语态是由“be 的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。Last time I went back to my hometown, a big factor
24、y was being built there. 上次我回家乡时，一座大工厂正在建造。（6）现在完成时现在完成时的被动语态是由“be 的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。Ive been told the sports meet might be put off. 有人告诉我说运动会可能推迟。-Yes, it all depends on the weather. 是的，这要看天气情况。No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building. 不允许任何人进入该大楼。All the pr
25、eparations for the task have been completed and were ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。（7）过去完成时过去完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been tra
26、nslated into English. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。（8）将来完成时将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。The new book will have been finished by the end of the month.月底新书将会完成。The buiding will have been completed before he comes.他来之前，大楼将会竣工。（9）过去将来完成时过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be 的过去将来完成时（would/should have
27、 been）+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。He said the articles should have been translated by six oclock.他说代章将在六点钟之前翻译完毕。He told me that the dam would have been completed by December.他告诉我大坝将在 12月前竣工。注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。6、含有情态动词或 be going to 的被动语态含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或 be going to(be about to, used to, be
28、 to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed 形式” 构成。This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。The trees may be planted in spring. 春天可以种树。The room must be kept clean. 房间必须保持整洁。The flowers should be watered often. 应该经常给花浇水。They have to be given a lot of money. 必须给他们很多钱。7、短语动词的被动语态通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，
29、可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗?They often made fun of her. 人们常拿她开玩笑。She was often made fun of. 她常被人取笑。I promise that the matter will be taken care of. 我答应把这事放在心上。The police found that the house had been bro
30、ken into and a lot of thingsstolen.警察发现该房已被非法闯入，很多东西失窃。Great changes have taken place in the city, and a lot of factories have been set up. 这个城市发生了很大变化，建了很多工厂。-Why does Lingling look so unhappy?玲玲为什么默默不乐？-She has been laughed at by her classmates. 她被同学嘲笑。注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一
31、个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。 You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。8、Get 型被动语态被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。
32、但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫 get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。（1）get+及物动词的过去分词get 常同 marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed 形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。Cleaning women in big cities usually get pai
33、d by the hour.大城市的女钟点工按小时付酬。Be careful when you cross this very busy streetIf not，you may get run over by a car过马路是要小心。否则，你会被汽车撞到。He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。Bill got thrown out of college for failing his exams. 比尔因历次考试不及格被勒令退学。get-型
34、被动语态一般不可接 by短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school. 正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school. get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与 see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got
35、 offered a large sum of money. ( 误)Some farmers were seen working in the fields.（正）只见一些农民正在田地里干活。Some farmers got seen working in the fields.( 误)get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。（有“活该”之意）How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？（有“不该关上”之意）get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而 be+动词的-ed 形式只表示存在
36、的状态。She got tired. 她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)（2）seem, appear+动词的-ed 形式以及 stand, rest, grow, become等+动词的-ed 形式也可表示被动语态。He seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话激怒了。Their curiosity grew aroused. 他们的好奇心被激起。9、被动结构与系表结构的区别“be+动词的-ed 形式”这个结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不一样。被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承
37、受者；系表结构表示主语的特点、状态或性质。我们可以根据以下几点来区别这个结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。（1）根据谓语动词动词的-ed 形式是反身动词（seat, dress, puzzle, excite 等）或表示心理、感情、从事活动的动词时，为系表结构。They was lost in the forest. 他们在森林里迷路了。She is dressed in white. 她穿着一身白衣服。She is seated in an armchair. 她坐在椅子上。be+不及物动词的-ed 形式为系表结构His money is all gone. 他的钱全花光了。The sun
38、is set. 太阳落山了。Hes prepared for the worst. 他已做好应付最坏情况的准备。be + 表示占据、充满意义的动词的-ed 形式+ with 为系表结构这种结构中主语往往是表示地点的名词，这类动词有 packed, covered, loaded, piled, filled, marked, crowded, dotted, stuffed, lined等。The house was crowded with furniture. 屋子里挤满了家俱。The floor was piled with books. 地板上堆满了书。（2）根据句子的时态被动语态有多
39、种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。The desks are made in Beijing.(系表结构)这些桌子是北京生产的。New products are being made.(被动语态) 新产品正在制造。The book has already been translated into many languages.(被动语态)这书已译成多种语言。The meeting will be put off.(被动语态)会议将延期。The children were dressed and taken out for a walk. （被
40、动）给孩子们穿好衣服并把他们带出去散步。The children were well dressed. （系表）孩子们穿戴很好。I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被动）我拍了拍窗，门开了。When I came, the door was opened. （系表）我来时门开着。（3）根据句子状语若“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态还是系表结构。“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般现在时，若句子中有 always, usually, often等频度副词说明动作反复发生，
41、则为被动语态。The shop is usually opened at eight.商店通常八点钟开门。（被动语态）The shop is closed now. 商店现在关门了。（系表结构）当“be+动词的-ed 形式” 结构是一般过去时，如句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。The factory was built in the 1980s.这座工厂是八十年代建的。The meeting was held in a secret place.会议在一个秘密的地方举行。注意：有时候，系表结构也可带一描绘性的状语；遇到这种情况要根据上下代来判断。The department s
42、tores are crowed with people, especially on Sundays. 百货商场挤满了人，特别是在星期天。如果动词的-ed 形式前有 too, very, so，rather, quite 等程度副词修饰，该结构常为系表结构；如果动词的-ed 形式后有 much, too much, so much, very much等副词修饰，该结构为被动语态。The man was too frightened to stand up.(系表结构)这个人吓得站不起来了。I was very surprised at his words.(系表结构)我读他的话倍感吃惊。H
43、e was so much shocked that he couldnt utter a word.(被动语态)她受惊吓太严重了，一句话也说不出来。（4）根据句中有无 by引导的短语被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用 by引导的短语来表示。因此，如果句中有 by引导的短语，这个“be+动词的-ed 形式”结构通常就是被动语态。The window was closed now by my mother. (被动语态)窗户被她妈妈关上了。The window now was closed. (系表结构) 窗户现在关着。The hero was surrounded by the Y
44、oung Pioneers. 英雄被少先队员们围住了。10、by 短语在被动语态中的用法从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都须涉及“by+行为者”(即 by短语)的问题，by 短语有时可省略或不用，有时却不可省略。by 短语究竟在哪些情况下使用，却很难用一两条规则加以概括。兹分述如下：（1）省略 by短语的情况主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构时。They built the school in 1962.他们于 1962年建了这所学校。The school was built in 1962. 这所学校建于 1962。主动句中含有双宾语时。Tom gave me a book.汤姆给了我一本书
45、。A book was given(to)me. 别人给了我一本书。主动句中含有复合宾语。They heard him come.他们听见他来了。He was heard to come. 有人听见他来了。主动句中含有宾语从句时。We expect that Mary will win.我们盼着玛丽赢。Mary is expected to win. 或:It is expected that Mary will win. 都盼着玛丽赢。当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。A greater number of new books will be published next year. 明年将
46、有更多的新书出版。在特定的语境或上下代中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。He was made monitor of the class. 他被选为班长。说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（如为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。You have been told many times not to touch the pictures. 已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。Even a child can answer this question.甚至小孩都能回答出这个问题。This question can be answered
47、 even by a child.这个问题甚至小孩都能回答出。（2）不省略 by的情况如果省去 by短语，句子意思就不完整或含混不清时。Mr.Brown wrote the letter.The letter was written by Mr. Brown. 布朗先生写了那封信。汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为所”等意思时。美洲为哥伦布于 1492所发现。 America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. 电话是由贝尔发明的。 The telephone was invented by Bell. 主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时。谁发现了美洲？Who discovered America?Who was America discovered by?11、by 短语在被动句中的位置
