1、血液科系统疾病的重症医学问题Managing critically Ill hematology patients: Time to think differently,张钰 刘启发 南方医院血液科,血液系统疾病的重症医学问题,critically ill hematology器官功能障碍的直接支持治疗,与ICU专科医师的沟通,病种分布造血干细胞移植患者恶性血液病非恶性血液病,病因分布重症感染脏器浸润出血/血栓肾替代循环抗体,重症医学中的血液学问题与血液专科医师的沟通,血液科转ICU分析检索近10年转科病例共61例,卜声镝大夫统计数据,血液科转ICU数量分析近三年持续增长,卜声镝大夫统计数据,
2、血液科转ICU病种分布及原发病状态恶性血液病占91.8%,卜声镝大夫统计数据,血液科转ICU病因分析各种感染所占比例为82%,移植后患者占1/3,卜声镝大夫统计数据,血液科转ICU主要危重支持措施机械通气占85%,卜声镝大夫统计数据,血液科转ICU转归分析除APL,在院生存不到30%,卜声镝大夫统计数据,血液科转ICU转归分析原发病状态是否影响转归,典型病例分享,救治成功病例,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,周,男,34岁,因发热半月、发现血小板减少1周于2016-5-9入院血常规:WBC 24.40G/L,Neu 2.32G/L,Hb 133g/L,Plt 33
3、G/L。诊断:急性淋巴细胞白血病(com-B,P16基因缺失阳性,BCR/ABL融合基因阳性,复杂核型)2016年5月9给予地塞米松预治疗,5月13日开始予VDLP诱导,5-17加用达沙替尼。化疗结束后第6天(2016年6月16日)患者发热、腹泻,当日血常规提示 WBC 4.94109/L,NEU% 62.4%,Hb 79g/L,PLT 91109/L。CRP 49.8mgL。PCT 1.89ng/ml。给予美罗培南、万古霉素、伏立康唑抗感染治疗,患者病情无好转,症状加重。,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,2016年6月22日患者出现胸闷、气促,伴
4、干咳,监测指尖血氧下降为90%,查体双肺可闻及湿罗音及哮鸣音。胸片检查提示两肺纹理增粗、增多,模糊,见散在分布斑片点状密度增高影,边缘模糊,病灶以双下肺明显,考虑为双肺炎症。诊断肺部感染并心功能不全,予高流量给氧、解痉平喘、利尿、强心等治疗,改为替加环素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、卡泊芬净抗真菌治疗。患者症状无改善,持续低氧血症,高流量给氧(20L/min)情况下SPO2波动在93%-95%之间,血气分析提示I型呼吸衰竭,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,于2016年6月24日转重症医学科,监测血气分析提示pO2 57mmHg,氧合指数72 mmHg,予经口气
5、管插管连接呼吸机辅助通气,继续替加环素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、卡泊芬净抗感染,加强对症支持等治疗,氧合无改善,2016年6月29日复查胸片肺部病灶较前无改善2016年6月27日查血巨细胞病毒定量 FQ_HCMV1.73E+5IU/mLB2016年7月1日带呼吸机外出行胸部CT提示:双肺多斑片状密度增高影,边缘模糊,病变以双下肺为著;部分实变,以右肺下叶为著。双侧少量胸腔积液,双侧胸膜增厚。,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,2016-7-1行纤支镜并肺泡灌洗液查CMV DNA阳性,同时血CMV仍阳性。诊断巨细胞病毒性肺炎,在原抗感染方案上加用更昔洛韦抗病毒
6、、人免疫球蛋白等治疗。患者氧合情况逐渐好转,于2016年7月8日停用呼吸机,拔除气管插管并转回血液科。转回后继续予更昔洛韦抗病毒治疗。2016年7月13日复查胸部CT示:双肺弥漫性炎症,部分实变,范围较前明显缩小;双侧胸腔积液已吸收,双侧胸膜增厚。,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,2016年7月14日再次给予达沙替尼靶向治疗原发病。2016年7月11日复查骨穿示CR。FCM查MRD阴性。定量PCR查BCR/ABL融合基因定量阴性。2016年7月12日、7月15日两次复查HCMV DNA转阴。2016年7月22日改为更昔洛韦口服并给予出院。2016年
7、10月11日复查胸部CT双肺散在少许斑片状、条索状密度增高影,较前明显吸收,密度减度。此后多次监测骨髓提示患者持续分子生物学缓解,并按照计划完成ALL治疗,2017-4行自体造血干细胞移植,移植后达沙替尼维持治疗。,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL并ARF, CMV肺炎,2017-9-5因下肢酸痛再次住院治疗中发现CMV血症,腹泻,血便,9-18发热,胸闷,气促进行性进展气管插管机械通气, 因经济原因未能转ICU, 肺部影像改善,1周后死亡死因:重症肺炎(CMV,EBV,鲍曼,铜绿)CMV、EBV再激活,达沙替尼可能,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE1 ph+ ALL
8、并ARF, CMV肺炎 经验教训,典型病例分享CASE 2APL高危组并ARF, 分化综合症,男,61岁,因反复皮肤瘀斑3月,于2017-5-4下午急诊入院。2017-05-01外院就诊,查血常规示:WBC 48.19109/L,HGB 76g/L,PLT 26109/L,纤维蛋白原 1.04g/L,为行进一步治疗就诊于我院急诊科,查骨髓涂片示AML-M3。遂急诊收治我科。入院后急查:血常规:WBC 74.46109/L,NEU 66.19109/L,HGB 79g/L,PLT 33109/L。凝血:PT 13.2秒,APTT 25.4秒,FDP 72.3g/mL,3P(+)。FISH查PML
9、/RARa融合基因阳性经MICM检查诊断为急性早幼粒细胞白血病(高危组),郭绪涛大夫整理,d1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31,ATRA 30mg,IDA 10mg,ATO 10mg,Dex 10mg,舒+伏,呼吸困难、咯血痰、持续低氧血症、II型呼吸衰竭、心功能不全,转ICU气管插管并持续呼吸机辅助通气,Hu,20mg,频发室早QT延长,美平+米卡,美平+替考+米,替考+多西环素+舒+米,脱机转回血液科,继续抗感染,阿奇、伏立 p.o,反复多次痰培养出泛耐鲍曼不
10、动杆菌,5mg,BM:CR,61岁,男性,WBC 74.46G/L, 纤溶亢进,诱导治疗,分化综合症,重症肺炎,典型病例分享CASE2APL高危组并ARF, 分化综合症,郭绪涛大夫整理,典型病例分享CASE 2APL高危组并ARF, 分化综合症,5月4日胸片示双肺大致正常,5月7日胸片两肺纹理增粗、增多,模糊,见散在分布斑片斑点状密度增高影,边缘模糊,病灶以两下肺明显,5月8日胸片两肺纹理增粗、增多,模糊,见散在分布斑片斑点状密度增高影,边缘模糊,两肺病灶较前范围增大,密度增高,双肺病灶呈以肺门为中心对称性分布,5月24日胸片示肺部病灶较前明显吸收好转,郭绪涛大夫整理,疑似APL紧急诊疗流程救
11、治成功关键!,即刻口服ATRA; 即刻外周血涂片诊断;急诊完成相关评估尽早确定诊断尽早开始预防分化综合症,确定APL后诊疗流程救治成功保障!,中国急性早幼粒细胞白血病指南2014版,分化综合症早期预防与积极支持治疗,分化综合症早期预防,积极支持治疗,与WBC持续增长有关。表现为发热、气促、低氧血症、胸膜或心包周围渗出10-20mg 地塞米松/日至少1周,指南推荐2周密切关注容量负荷和肺功能状态严密监测神经系统及胸部体征必要时停用ATRA或亚砷酸或者减量不推荐白细胞分离。充分水化,尽早化疗。,出现呼吸衰竭尽早转ICU呼吸支持输注单采血小板以维持PLT30109/L输注纤维蛋白原维持Fg1 500
12、 mg/L, PT和APTT值接近正常每日监测FDP, 必要时可抗纤溶治疗(非指南推荐)如有器官大出血,可应用重组人凝血因子,中国急性早幼粒细胞白血病指南2014版,Changes in admission policies: 转ICU越多,生存率越高More ICU admissions, increased survival, GrrrOH-afliated centers,Intensive Care Med 2014;40:110614,Temporal trends in survival of septic shock in patients with cancer managed
13、 in GrrrOH-afliated centers.,Hospital mortality in 1004 patients with ARDS managed in GrrrOH-afliated centers according to period of intensive care unit admission,GrrrOH,Groupe de Recherche Respiratoire en Ranimation Onco-Hmatologique.,不同时期在院生存率,不同年代在院死亡率,Delayed admission to the ICU is associated w
14、ith lower survival转ICU越早,生存越好,Hospitalmortality in patientswith delayed ICU admission.,Lenglin et al. compared patients with acute myeloid leukemia admitted to the ICU with or without organ dysfunction and found a difference of 1 day in time to ICU admission. Song et al. compared mortality in 199 pa
15、tients admitted to the ICU 0.5 h vs. 4.7 h after the onset of shock. Azoulay et al. compared time from hospital to ICU admission in 1011 unselected patients with hematological malignancies.Mokart et al. and De Montmolin et al. compared time from hospital to ICU admission in patients with acute respi
16、ratory failure or septic shock from pneumonia, respectively.,血液恶性疾病急性呼吸衰竭,ARF: 早期无创通气vs吸氧,哪个改善预后?可能需要尽早插管,lymphoid (n = 162, 42.6 %) or myeloid (n = 141, 37.1 %) diseases. ARF etiologies : pulmonary infections (n = 161, 43 %), malignant iniltration (n = 65, 17 %) or cardiac pulmonary edema (n = 40,
17、10 %). Mechanical ventilation was ultimately needed in 94 (24.7 %) patients, within 3 25 days of ICU admission. Hospital mortality was 32 % (123 deaths). At ICU admission, 142 patients received firstline noninvasive ventilation (NIV), whereas 238 received oxygen only. Fiftyfive patients in each grou
18、p (NIV or oxygen only) were matched according the propensity score. NIV was not associated with decreased hospital mortality OR 1.5 (0.623.65).,Conclusions: In hematology patients with acute respiratory failure, initial treatment with NIV did not improve survival compared to oxygen only.,Lemiale et
19、al. Ann. Intensive Care (2015) 5:28,ICU免疫功能低下患者合并ARF, NIV vs OT, JAMA RCT结果不降低28天死亡率,JAMA.2015 Oct 27;314(16):1711-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12402.,Probability of Survival at Day 28Probability of survival and subgroup analyses of the risk of day-28 mortality Kaplan-Meier estimates of the probability
20、 of day-28 mortality in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure receiving either early noninvasive ventilation or oxygen only. Statistical test used the log-rank test.,Flow of Participants Through StudyaThe reasons for the exclusion were not available in all centers.,ConclusionsAmo
21、ng immunocompromised patients admitted to the ICU with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, early noninvasive ventilation compared with oxygen therapy alone did not reduce 28-day mortality. However, study power was limited.,Hematology patients admitted to the ICU respiratory failure :Noninvasive mec
22、hanical ventilation (NIMV) or MV?解决诱发ARF的病因是关键!,The EMEHU study was performed in 34 ICUs in Spain. All the hematology patients admitted to one of the participating ICUs from June 2007 to September 2008, 450 patients, 300 required ventilatory support. (67%)A diagnosis of congestive heart failure and
23、the initial use of NIMV significantly improved survivalAPACHE II score, allogeneic transplantation, and NIMV failure increased the risk of death. The risk factors associated with NIMV success were age, congestive heart failure, and bacteremia. Patients with NIMV failure experienced a more severe res
24、piratory impairment than did those electively intubated.,Critical Care201216:R133,ConclusionsNIMV improves the outcome of hematology patients with respiratory insufficiency, but NIMV failure may have the opposite effect. A careful selection of patients with rapidly reversible causes of respiratory f
25、ailure may increase NIMV success.,恶性血液病急性呼吸衰竭(ARF):病原不明增加住院死亡率,Contejean et al. Ann. Intensive Care (2016) 6:102,Multivariable analysis, factors associated with hospital mortalityinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (OR 7.57 (95% CI 3.0621.62); p 7 (OR 3.32 (95% CI 2.155.15); p 0.005) an undetermined AR
26、F etiology (OR 2.92 (95% CI 1.715.07); p 7, IPA影响在院生存,Contejean et al. Ann. Intensive Care (2016) 6:102,Survival ofpatientswith hematological malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit: prognostic factors and outcome compared to unselected medical intensive care unit admissions, a parallel group
27、 study.,147例配对研究,恶性血液病与非血液系统疾病比较,5个非专科ICU多因素分析影响转归的独立预后因素恶性血液病年龄机械通气APACHE II 评分恶性血液病患者有更差转归在院生存率:27% vs. 56%; p 0.0016个月生存及1年生存分别为:21%,18%培养证实的感染,年龄,机械通气及正性肌力药物不影响转归血液疾病本身因素如诊断,粒缺,缓解状态,是否SCT,疾病严重程度,诊断到转科时间不影响最终转归,Leuk Lymphoma.2012 Feb;53(2):282-8.,ICU收治什么病人,不收治什么病人,何时转出,重症医学科建设与管理指南(试行)卫办医政发200923
28、号,Ten patient subgroups unlikely to benet from ICU management,Azoulay E, et al, Managing critically Ill hematology patients: Time to think differently, Blood Rev (2015),http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2015.04.002,第十七条 下列病理状态的患者应当转出重症医学科急性器官或系统功能衰竭已基本纠正,需要其他专科进一步诊断治疗;病情转入慢性状态;病人不能从继续加强监护治疗中获益。重症医学科建设
29、与管理指南(试行)卫办医政发200923号,The ABCDE management rules for critically ill cancer patients and New strategies of ICU admission,Intensive Care Med (2017) 43:13661382,Important questions regarding the ICU management of critically ill patients with hematological malignancies危重恶性血液病人ICU管理的重要问题,有确凿的证据证明ICU患者提供长
30、期的生存利益吗?死亡率的差异归因于转ICU时机?有血液科医生?每年收治容量?死亡率的差异归因于治疗的强度变化?不恰当的延迟治疗?拖延转科?哪些因素会导致ICU延迟入院(例如,医疗准入、疾病的紧急性和严重性、最初进入的病房和急诊室、病房不适当的支持性治疗)?新诊断存在高风险的恶性血液病患者(急性呼吸衰竭,急性肾损伤,或心脏或神经系统并发症)初始诱导化疗在IUC还是在血液科病房?什么样的选择标准是用于ICU科转诊?分流准则用于重症监护的有效性如何?早期转入ICU干预可以通过预防器官功能障碍的进展来优化生存和疾病控制吗?完整剂量化疗的可行性?侵入性和非侵入性干预的最佳位置是什么?无创通气 vs 有创
31、通气?对于可能在ICU无法获益的患者人群(例如,异基因骨髓移植后移植物抗宿主病,侵袭性肺曲霉病或需要机械通气)什么是最好的ICU管理策略?,结语未来合作方向The ICU as a collaborative diagnostic, therapeutic, and safety platform,Close and forthright collaboration with hematologists is mandatory. 直接密切的合作是必须的,The patients have two simultaneous needs:Immediate supportive treatment for organ dysfunctions, which is available only in ICUsControl of the hematological malignancies and its complications including drug-related toxicities,Intensive Care Med 2014;40:110614,感谢ICU对血液科多年来的理解,支持,关照! 愿更多血液病患者经ICU妙手回春!,