1、黑河学院继续教育中心毕业设计（论文）题目姓名教育层次学号专业指导教师职称ABSTRACTWITHOPENINGUPTOTHEOUTSIDEWORLD,OURCOUNTRYHASBEENMOREFREQUENTLYINVOLVEDINTHEINTERNATIONALBUSINESSCAMPAIGNINTHISINTERNATIONALBUSINESSCAMPAIGN,BUSINESSCONTRACTSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTANDFUNDAMENTALLEGALDOCUMENTSINDEVELOPINGBUSINESSES,CONDUCTINGTRANSACTIONS,ANDMAI
2、NTAININGLEGITIMATERIGHTSANDINTERESTSBETWEENDIFFERENTPARTIESCOMPAREDTOOTHERENGLISHPROFESSIONALTEXTS，ENGLISHLEGALCONTRACTSHAVETHEIROWNCHARACTERISTICSINVOCABULARY,GRAMMAR,DISCOURSE,ETCKNOWINGTHECHARACTERISTICSOFENGLISHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSCONTRACTSPLAYSAVITALROLEINSETTINGTHESTANDARDSOFCONTRACTS,SOLVING
3、ECONOMICDISPUTES,ANDPROTECTINGTHELEGALRIGHTSANDINTERESTSOFPARTIESBUSINESSCONTRACTS,ASAKINDOFLEGALDOCUMENTS,HAVEFEATURESOFACCURACY,STANDARD,PRECISENESS,SOLEMNEST,SUCCINCTNESS,ANDFULLOFLEGALTERMS,ETCTHISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHEVARIOUSCHARACTERISTICSOFENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTSANDOFFERABETTERUNDERSTANDINGAN
4、DIMPROVEMENTINTHEUSEOFENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTSKEYWORDSBUSINESS,CONTRACTSTYLISTIC,CHARACTERISTICCONTENTSINTRODUCTION11THEVOCABULARYCHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSCONTRACTS111THEFREQUENTUSEOFTECHNICALTERMS112THEFREQUENTUSEOFOLDSTYLELANGUAGE2121WORDSSTARTBY“HERE”2122THEWORDSSTARTBY“THERE”3123THEWORDSSTARTBY“
5、WHERE”313THEUSEOFSYNONYMS414USINGLITERARYLANGUAGEWITHTRANSPARENCYOFMEANING42SENTENCEFEATURES521THEUSEOFPASSIVEVOICE522THEUSEOFDECLARATIVESENTENCES523COMPLICATEDSENTENCEPATTERNSWITHNUMEROUSMODIFIERS524REPEATRATHERTHANTHEUSEOFPRONOUNS625USESIMPLEPRESENTTENSEGENERALLY626MODALVERBS63CHARACTERISTICSOFDIS
6、COURSE731TEXTUALMETAFUNCTION732COHESIVEMEANS8321REFERENCE8322SUBSTITUTION9323ELLIPSIS9324CONJUNCTION10325LEXICALCOHESION10SUMMARY10BIBLIOGRAPHY11ACKNOWLEDGEMENT121INTRODUCTIONDUETOTHEOPENINGTOTHEOUTSIDEWORLDANDTHEECONOMICGLOBALIZATION,ESPECIALLYAFTEROURCOUNTRYENTERINGINTOWTO,CHINAHASAVERYFASTDEVELOP
7、MENTINCOMMERCIALTRADESANDISMOREFREQUENTTODOBUSINESSWITHOTHERCOUNTRIESBUSINESSCONTRACTS,ASLEGALDOCUMENTSANDWEAPON,PLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINREGULARIZINGINTERNATIONALBUSINESSOPERATIONS,PROMOTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALTRADES,REGULATINGTHEWAYSOFINTERNATIONALPAYMENT,ANDCONSOLIDATINGTHEINTERNATIONALACHIE
8、VEMENTSTHEYAREINVOLVEDINTHEECONOMICACTIVITIESAMONGCOUNTRIES,ENTERPRISES,ANDORGANIZATIONSASENGLISHPLAYSAMOREANDMOREVITALPARTINTHEBUSINESSACTIVITIES,ITISABASICREQUIREMENTFORINTERNATIONALBUSINESSWORKERSTOUNDERSTANDENGLISHCONTRACTSPROFESSIONALLY,DRAWUPANDTRANSLATETHECONTRACTSWITHOUTANYCONTROVERSIESLEARN
9、INGTHESTYLISTICCHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSCONTRACTSCANHELPTHEMACHIEVETHESEGOALS1THEVOCABULARYCHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSCONTRACTS11THEFREQUENTUSEOFTECHNICALTERMSWECANFINDALOTOFTECHNICALTERMSINBUSINESSCONTRACTSASETOFLEGALTERMSHASBEENFORMEDFORTHECONVENIENCEINBUSINESSEXCHANGEANDTHESETERMSHAVEBEENWIDELYUSED
10、INCOMMERCIALLAWSANDDOCUMENTSFOREXAMPLE,INTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALTERMSHASBEENWIDELYAPPLIEDINBUSINESSCONTRACTSANDNOWHASBECOMEANINTERNATIONALPRACTICETECHNICALTERMSAREEQUIPPEDWITHINTERNATIONALGENERALITY,ACCURATELYTECHNICALTERMSHAVEBEENFREQUENTLYUSEDINBUSINESSCONTRACTSINORDERTODESCRIBEANDEXPRESSPRECISELYDI
11、FFERENTKINDSOFDOCUMENTS,TERMS,TRANSACTIONALPROCESSANDRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSTHATBOTHPARTIESHAVETOUNDERTAKEFOREXAMPLE,“TERMSOFPAYMENTBYCONFIRMED，IRREVOCABLE，TRANSFERABLEANDDIVISIBLELETTEROFCREDITINFAVOROFPAYABLEATSIGHTWITHT/TREIMBURSEMENTCLAUSE/DAYS/SIGHT/DATEALLOWINGPARTIALSHIPMENANDTRANSSHIPMENTTHECOV
12、ERINGLETTEROFCREDITMUSTREACHTHESELLERSBEFOREANDISTOREMAINVALIDINCHINAUNTILTHE15THDAYAFTERTHETIMEOFSHIPMENT，FAILINGWHICHTHESELLERSRESERVETHERIGHTTOCANCELTHISSALESCONTRACTWITHOUTFURTHERNOTICEANDTOCLAIMFROMTHEBUYERSFORLOSSESRESULTINGTHEEFROM”吴莺2009398INTHISSENTENCE,THEWORDS“PAYMENT，CONFIRMED,IRREVOCABL
13、E，TRANSFERABLEANDDIVISIBLELETTEROFCREDIT，TIMEOFSHIPMENT”ALLBELONGTOTHETECHNICALTERMSWHICHAREWIDELYUSEDINTHECONTRACTTHISISANOTABLEFEATUREWHICHDIFFERSENGLISHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSCONTRACTSFROMCHINESEONESTHEREFORE,WEMUSTPAYATTENTIONTOUSINGTHESETERMSININTERNATIONALBUSINESSACTIVITIES“FORCFRTERMSTHESELLERS
14、SHALLSHIPTHEGOODSWITHINTHETIMEASSTIPULATEDINCLAUSE9OFTHISCONTRACTBYADIRECTVESSELSAILINGFROMTHEPORTOFLOADINGTOCHINAPORTFORFOBTERMS1015DAYSPRIORTOTHEDATEOFSHIPMENT,THEBUYERSSHALLINFORMTHESELLERBYCABLEOFTHECONTRACTNUMBER，NAMEOFTHEVESSEL,ETAOFVESSEL,QUANTITYANDTHESHIPPINGAGENT,SOASTOENABLETHELATTERTOCON
15、TRACTTHESHIPPINGDIRECTANDARRANGETHESHIPMENTOFTHEGOODS”吴莺20093982THISISAPARTOFDELIVERYTERMSINORDERCONTRACTSWECANSEEITHASINCLUDEDSEVERALTRADETERMS,SUCHASCFRCOSTANDFREIGHT,FOB（FREEONBOARD）ETA（NAMEOFSHIPPINGAGENT）IFWEARENOTFAMILIARWITHINTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALTERMS,ITISDIFFICULTFORUSTOUNDERSTANDANDTRANSLA
16、TETHISCONTRACTACCURATELYANDITWILLLEADTOMISUNDERSTANDINGSANDOBSTACLESINCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOPARTIESALTHOUGHWECANUSEOTHERWAYSTOTRANSLATETHEMEANINGOFTHEORIGINALTERMS,IFWETRANSLATETHE“TERMSOFSHIPMENT”INTO“LADINGTERMS”,THISWILLALSOMAKETHETRANSLATIONDOESNTACCORDWITHTHEEXPRESSIONINTHEGENERALTRADELEGALDOC
17、UMENTSANDLEADTOMISUNDERSTANDINGSANDDISPUTES12THEFREQUENTUSEOFOLDSTYLELANGUAGEOLDSTYLELANGUAGEISSELDOMAPPLIEDINMODERNENGLISHHOWEVER,ITLARGELYEXISTSINBUSINESSCONTRACTSTHEUSEOFOLDSTYLELANGUAGENOTONLYMAKESTHEENGLISHCONTRACTSGRAVEANDOFFICIAL,BUTALSOREFLECTSTHECHARACTERISTICSOFLEGALDOCUMENTS,SUCHASRIGOR,C
18、ONCISENESSWHATISMORE,ITCANAVOIDMISUNDERSTANDINGEFFECTIVELYTHEWORDSOFOLDSTYLELANGUAGEAREMAINLYFORMEDBYCOMBININGHERE,THEREWITHBY,AFTER,UNDER,UPON,WITH,ETCTHEROLEOFTHESEWORDSISVERYOBVIOUSTHEYCANBEUSEDTOFORMACLOSERTIEINTHETERMSOFTHECONTEXTIFWEHAVETOMENTIONAWORDFORMANYTIMES,WECANUSESUCHKINDOFARCHAICWORDS
19、TOMAKESENTENCESCONCISEANDAVOIDREDUNDANCY121WORDSSTARTBY“HERE”1211HEREBYITMEANS“BYMEANSOF,FORTHISREASON,BYTHISAGREEMENT”THEWORDCANALSOBEUSEDWHENCONTRACTTERMSNEEDTOBEEMPHASIZEDSPECIALLYITISOFTENUSEDASTHEENTRYWORDINGINLEGALDOCUMENTSORPUTNEARORAFTERTHESUBJECTFOREXAMPLE,“THECOMPANYHEREBYCOVENANTSANDWARRA
20、NTSTHAT”OR“BOTHPARTIESHEREBYAGREETHAT”1212HEREOF/HERETOTHEWORDMEANSOFTHISAGREEMENT,INTHECONTRACT,ORINTHISFILEITISUSEDTOREFERTOTHEABOVEMENTIONEDPARTSANDITISOFTENPUTAFTERTHENOUNFOREXAMPLE,“TOTAKEEFFECTONTHEDATEHEREOF”MEANSTOTAKEEFFECTONTHEDATEOFTHISAGREEMENT,“THEHEADINGSOFTHESECTIONSHEREOF”MEANSTHEHEA
21、DINGSOFTHESECTIONSOFTHISAGREEMENT,“BOTHPARTIESHERETO”EQUATESTOBOTHPARTIESTOTHISAGREEMENT,AND“ITEMSSPECIFIEDINATTACHMENTIANDHERETO”HASTHESAMEMEANINGWITHITEMSSPECIFIEDINATTACHMENTITOTHISAGREEMENT1213HEREINTHEWORD“HEREIN”ALSOMEANSINTHISAGREEMENT,INTHISCONTRACT,ORINTHISLAW,WHICHHAVEBEENMENTIONEDABOVEHOW
22、EVER,ITISOFTENUSEDAFTERANDCLOSETOTHEADJUNCTWORDFOREXAMPLE,“TOFILEASUITINTHECOURTAGREEDTOHEREIN”MEANSTOFILEASUITINTHECOURTAGREEDTOINTHISAGREEMENTFORANOTHEREXAMPLE,“TOFOLLOWTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSHEREIN”MEANSTOFOLLOWTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSINTHISAGREEMENT31214HEREUNDERTHISWORDHASTHEMEANINGOFUNDERTHISAGREEM
23、ENTTHEREFORE,“OBLIGATIONSHEREUNDER”ONLYREFERSTOOBLIGATIONSUNDERTHISAGREEMENT,AND“RIGHTSGRANTEDHEREUNDER”MEANSRIGHTSGRANTEDUNDERTHISAGREEMENT122THEWORDSSTARTBY“THERE”THEWORDSARECONSTRUCTEDBYADDING“THERE”TOPREPOSITIONSSUCHASTHEREAFTER,THEREBY,THEREIN,THEREINAFTER,THEREINBEFORE,THEREON,THEREOF,THEREUND
24、ER,THEREUPON,THEREWITH,ETCWESHOULDUSETHESEWORDSACCORDINGTOTHECONTENTOFCONTRACTTHESEWORDSARESIMILARTOTHEWORDSWHICHARECONSTRUCTEDBY“HERE”ANDPREPOSITIONS1221THEREOF“THISAGREEMENTISWRITTENINTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEINCASEOFANYDISCREPANCYBETWEENTHEENGLISHVERSIONANDANYTRANSLATIONTHEREOF,THEENGLISHTEXTSHALLGOVERN
25、”INTHESENTENCEABOVE,WITH“THEENGLISHVERSIONANDANYTRANSLATIONTHEREOF”,WECANJUDGEFROMTHECONTEXTTHAT“THEENGLISHVERSIONANDANYTRANSLATIONOFTHEENGLISHVERSION”,THATIS“OFTHEENGLISHVERSION”ISREPLACEDBY“THEREOF”INTHISWAY,WECANUNDERSTANDTHESENTENCEBETTER1222THEREINITMEANS“INTHAT,INTHATPARTICULARCONTEXT,INTHATRE
26、SPECT”,WHICHREFERSTOTHEABOVEPARTMENTIONED“INTHECONTRACT”“INENGINEERING”FOREXAMPLE“THECONTRACTORANYPARTTHEREOF”MEANS“THECONTRACTORANYPARTOFTHECONTRACT”,1223THERETOITMEANS“TOTHAT”FOREXAMPLE“PRODUCTSSPECIFIEDINAPPENDIX2TOTHISCONTRACT,TOGETHERWITHALLIMPROVEMENTSANDMODIFICATIONSTHEREOFORDEVELOPMENTSWITHR
27、ESPECTTHERETO”INTHESENTENCE“ORDEVELOPMENTSWITHRESPECTTHERETO”CANBETRANSLATEDINTO“ORDEVELOPMENTSWITHRESPECTTOBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTS”1224THEREUNDERITMEANS“UNDERTHAT”FOREXAMPLE,“THEBORROWERFAILSTOPAYANYAMOUNTPAYABLETHEREUNDERASANDWHENSUCHAMOUNTSHALLBECOMEPAYABLE”123THEWORDSSTARTBY“WHERE”1231WHEREASITMEAN
28、S“CONSIDERINGTHAT”ITISOFTENUSEDATBEGINNINGOFTHEPARAGRAPHOFTHECONTRACTTODRAWOUTTHEREASONSOFTHECONTRACTSTHATMADEBYTWOPARTIESFOREXAMPLE“WHEREASPARTYADESIRESTOUSETHEPATENTEDTECHNOLOGYOFPARTYBTOMANUFACTUREANDSELLTHECONTRACTPRODUCTS”INTHISSENTENCE,WHEREASMEANSACCORDINGTO1232WHEREBY“WHEREBY”MEANSBYTHEAGREE
29、MENTMENTIONEDITISOFTENUSEDINTHECONTRACTINORDERTODRAWOUTTHEOBLIGATIONSTHATTWOPARTIESSHOULDUNDERTAKEFOREXAMPLE“ASALESCONTRACTREFERSTOACONTRACTWHEREBYTHESELLERTRANSFERSTHEOWNERSHIPOFAN4OBJECTTOTHEBUYERANDTHEBUYERPAYSTHEPRICEFORTHEOBJECT”INTHESENTENCE,“ACONTRACTWHEREBYTHESELLERTRANSFERS”MEANS“ACONTRACTB
30、YWHICHTHESELLERTRANSFERS”13THEUSEOFSYNONYMSINORDERTOEMBODYTHECHARACTERISTICSOFLEGALOFFICIALDOCUMENTS，MAKETHEMEANINGOFWORDSMOREACCURATEANDINTACTANDAVOIDMISUNDERSTANDINGS,THESYNONYMSANDTHERELATIVEWORDSOFTENAREUSEDINPAIRSINENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTSTHISISACONVENTIONALEXPRESSIONUSEDBYBUSINESSPEOPLETOUNDER
31、STANDTHESESYNONYMPHRASES,WENEEDTOREGARDTHEMASAWHOLEANDTAKETHEMASAHINTOFEMPHASISFOREXAMPLE,“SUCHCONSEQUENCESWOULDNORMALLYBETHATTHECONTRACTISDECLAREDNULLANDVOIDANYMODIFICATIONORALTERNATIONOFTHECONTRACTSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEAGREEMENTOFBOTHPARTIES”THETWOSYNONYMS“NULLANDVOID“ARESEENASAWHOLE,THETWOWORDSWITHTH
32、ESAMEMEANINGAREUSEDINJUXTAPOSITIONINORDERTOREFLECTTHEIMPORTANCEOFNULLITYANDFORMALITYINBUSINESSCONTRACTSFORANOTHEREXAMPLE,“INACCORDANCEWITHTHEAGREEMENT,BOTHPARTYAANDPARTYBPROMISETOPERFORMTHECONTRACTTHECONTRACTORSHALLFULFILLALLOFITSDUTIESANDOBLIGATIONSINCARRYINGOUTITSWORKANDSERVICESHEREUNDER”宋鹏举200939
33、8INTHESESENTENCES,“PERFORM，FULFILL”BOTHMEAN“EXECUTE,CARRYOUT”ANDBOTHCANBEUSEDBEFORETHEWORD“CONTRACT”MEANING“CARRYOUTCONTRACTS”HOWEVER,THETWOWORDSSTILLHAVESOMESUBTLEDIFFERENCESINMEANING“PERFORM”MEANS“TODOWHATONEPARTYISOBLIGEDTODOBYACONTRACT”“FULFILL”MEANS“TODOEVERYTHINGWHICHISPROMISEDINACONTRACT”THEF
34、ORMERIMPLIESTHEMEANINGOF“BEFORCEDTODO“,WHILETHETONEOFTHELATTERALLOWSTHETWOPARTIESMOREWILLINGNESSTHUS,THETWOWORDSCANBEUSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEOBLIGATIONSANDRIGHTSOFTHEPARTIESINVOLVEDINCONTRACTS14USINGLITERARYLANGUAGEWITHTRANSPARENCYOFMEANINGBUSINESSCONTRACTSSHOULDSTIPULATETHEPARTYSRIGHTSANDEXPRESSTHEEXACTME
35、ANINGOFOBLIGATIONSANDTHENORMOFBEHAVIORCLEARLYTHEREFORE,THEWORDINGSHOULDBEACCURATE,GRAVE,FORMALANDOBJECTIVESOLATINDERIVATIVESREPLACETHEGENERALENGLISHWORDSINORDERTOSHOWFORMALITYANDELEGANCEOFBUSINESSENGLISHCONTRACTSFOREXAMPLE,“THEAGREEMENTSHALLCOMMENCEONTHISDAYANDAUTOMATIONALLYTERMINATEUPONTHEBANKRUPTC
36、YORINSOLVENCYOFEDITHEROFTHEPARTIESHERETO”INTHISEXAMPLE,“COMMENCEANDTERMINATE”AREUSEDTOREPLACE“BEGIN”AND“END”RESPECTIVELYINADDITION,INORDERTOEMBODYITSFORMALANDRIGOROUSSTYLISTICCHARACTERISTICS,BUSINESSENGLISHCONTRACTSAREMORELIKELYTOUSECOMPLICATEDPREPOSITIONALPHRASESINTHEFORMALSTYLETOREPLACESIMPLEPREPO
37、SITIONSANDCONJUNCTIONSFOREXAMPLE,“THEPARTICIPANTSINTHEJOINTVENTURESHALLCOMMENCEDISCUSSIONWITHREGARDTOTHEEXTENSIONOFTHEPERIODOFEXISTENCEOFTHEVENTUREANDINTHEEVENTOFTHEIRAGREEINGUPONSUCHEXTENSION,THEYSHALLRECORDSUCHAGREEMENTINAWRITTENDOCUMENTSIGNEDBYALLOFTHEMNOTLATERTHANTHREEYEARSPRIORTOTHEEXPIRYOFTHEC
38、URRENTPERIOD”（WESHOULDUSE“REGARDTO,INTHEEVENTOF”AND“PRIORTO”TOREPLACE“ABOUT,INCASEOFANDBEFORE”RESPECTIVELYINBUSINESSCONTRACTS52SENTENCEFEATURESTHEENGLISHSTYLISTICOFBUSINESSCONTRACTSISSHOWEDINSENTENCESTRUCTURETHROUGHSENTENCEPATTERNS,LONGSENTENCES,THEUSEOFMODALVERBSANDNOMINALIZATION,ETC21THEUSEOFPASSI
39、VEVOICEALARGEAMOUNTOFPASSIVESENTENCESAPPEARINENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTS，OMITTINGTHESUBJECTS,MAKINGTHESTATEMENTMOREOBJECTIVETHEFREQUENCYOFTHEUSEOFPASSIVEVOICEISHIGHERTHANOTHERSENTENCEPATTERNS,WHICHISQUITEDIFFERENTFROMSENTENCESINCHINESEBUSINESSCONTRACTSFOREXAMPLE,“THISCONTRACTISMADEBYANDBETWEENTHEBUYERA
40、NDTHESELLER,WHEREBYTHEBUYERAGREESTOBUYANDSELLERAGREESTOSELLTHEUNDERMENTIONEDCOMMODITYACCORDINGTOTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSSTIPULATEDBELOW”THEMAINCOURSEINTHISSENTENCEIS“THISCONTRACTISMADEBYANDBETWEEN”（易文芳201106）FROMTHESENTENCE,WECANSEE,INENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTS,THISISATYPICALPASSIVESENTENCEITMEANSTHISCON
41、TRACTISMADEBYTHEBUYANDTHESELLERANDTHEYSHOULDDOACCORDINGTOTHECONTRACTNOMATTERTHEYAGREETOBUYORSELLTHEGOODS22THEUSEOFDECLARATIVESENTENCESCOMMUNICATIVEFUNCTIONSOFENGLISHSENTENCESARENOTIDENTICALTHECHOOSEOFENGLISHSENTENCEPATTERNSISVERYIMPORTANTBUSINESSENGLISHCONTRACTSHASTHENEEDTOSTATEACCURATELYANDSTIPULAT
42、ERIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFPARTIESRELEVANTTOTHECONTRACTS,DECLARATIVESENTENCESINBUSINESSENGLISHCONTRACTSAREUSEDMOREFREQUENTLYTHANOTHERSTYLISTICSDECLARATIVESENTENCESAREWIDELYUSEDINEXPLANATIONS,STATEMENTS,STIPULATIONSANDJUDGMENTS,CONTAININGNOPERSONALEMOTIONSANDBEINGOBJECTIVESOEXCLAMATORYSENTENCES,IMPERATIV
43、ESENTENCESANDINTERROGATIVESENTENCESAREAVOIDEDINTHESTYLISTICOFBUSINESSCONTRACTSFOREXAMPLE“PARTYASHALLBEARALLEXPENSESFORADVERTISINGANDPUBLICITYINCONNECTIONWITHTHECOMMODITYINQUESTIONINSINGAPOREWITHINTHEVALIDITYOFTHISAGREEMENT,ANDSHALLSUBMITTOPARTYAALLAUDIOANDVIDEOMATERIALSINTENDEDFORADVERTISINGFORPRIOR
44、APPROVAL”23COMPLICATEDSENTENCEPATTERNSWITHNUMEROUSMODIFIERSSINCETHELANGUAGEOFBUSINESSCONTRACTSREQUIRESRIGORINORDERTOAVOIDAMBIGUOUSNESS,COMPLICATEDSTRUCTURESAREAPPLIEDINMOREANDMORESENTENCESINBUSINESSCONTRACTSBYUSINGAGREATAMOUNTOFMODIFIERS,INCLUDINGATTRIBUTIVECLAUSES,PARTICIPIALPHRASES,ETCINTHEFOLLOWI
45、NGEXAMPLE,THESUBJECT“ACONTRACT“HASSEVERALMODIFIERS“ACONTRACTINWRITINGWHICHCONTAINSACLAUSEINDICATINGTHATTHEWRITINGCOMPLETELYEMBODIESTHETERMSONWHICHTHEPARTIESHAVEAGREEDCANNOTBECONTRACTEDORSUPPLEMENTEDBYEVIDENCEOFPRIORSTATEMENTSORAGREEMENTS”WECANSEE,INTHEORIGINALENGLISHTEXT，“CONTRACT“WASFIRSTLYMODIFIED
46、BYAPREPOSITIONALPHRASE“INWRITING”,WHICHMEANSTHEWRITTENCONTRACTSECONDLY,ITISMODIFIEDBYTHEATTRIBUTIVECLAUSETHATBEGINSWITH“WHICH”THEN,THISOBJECT“CLAUSE”INATTRIBUTIVECLAUSEISMODIFIEDBYAPRESENTPARTICIPLEPHRASE“INDICATINGTHAT”TOSHOWTHECONTENTOFTHISCLAUSEHOWEVER,INTHEPRESENTPARTICIPLECLAUSE,THEOBJECT“TERMS
47、”ISMODIFIEDBYANATTRIBUTIVECLAUSETODEMONSTRATEWHATTHETERMISLIKESO6WECANSEETHECOMPLEXITYOFTHISSENTENCEANDSUCHKINDOFSENTENCESARENUMEROUSINTHEBUSINESSCONTRACTBYUSINGALOTOFMODIFIERSASTHEOBVIOUSCHARACTERISTICOFENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACT24REPEATRATHERTHANTHEUSEOFPRONOUNSDIFFERENTFROMCHINESESENTENCES,ENGLISHSE
48、NTENCESEMPHASIZETHEANALYSISANDRELATIONOFSUBORDINATIONSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOMPONENTSOFSENTENCESISEXPRESSEDBYITSGRAMMARRELATIONSHIP,SOUSINGTHEREPEATEDWORDSDOESNTACCORDWITHTHEGENERALFORMOFGRAMMARINSTEAD,WEUSUALLYUSEPRONOUNSORAUXILIARYVERBSTOREPLACETHESAMEWORDSHOWEVER，INENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACT,INORDE
49、RTOEXPRESSACCURATELYANDAVOIDMAKINGECONOMICLOSSANDUNNECESSARYDISPUTES,REPETITIONSAREOFTENUSEDWHILEREFERENCEISUSEDLESSTHISISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENSTYLISTICOFENGLISHBUSINESSCONTRACTSANDOTHERENGLISHSTYLESFOREXAMPLE,INTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCE,“TERRITORY“ISREPEATEDFORTHREETIMESINDAILYENGLISHSUCHREPETITIONISNOTNORMAL“INADDITION，THECONTRACTMUSTSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTS1THEGOODSINQUESTION，ATTHETIMEOFTHECONCLUSIONOFTHECONTRACT，INTHECOURSEOFCARRIAGE，ORWILLBECARRIEDFROMTHETERRITORYOFONESTATETOTHETERRITORYOFANOTHEROR2THEACTSCONSTITUTINGTHEOFFERANDACCEPTANCEHAVEBEENDONEINTHETERRITORIESOFDIFFERENT
