1、 于 2016.1.25 整理完成 - 1 - 2016 年全国硕士研究生考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not onl
2、y his parents and his friends, _1_ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can _2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young mansparents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a gi
3、rl may veto the spouse her parents havechosen. 5aspouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, _ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and
4、 a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _ 8 _ prayers of blessing. Partsof the ceremony the brides and grooms wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily in with the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby. Divorce is legal and easy to
5、14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can r
6、emarry 20 the woman must wait ten months. 1.Aby way of Bon behalf of Cas well as Dwith regard to 2.Aadapt to Bprovide for Ccompete with Ddecide on 3.Aclose Brenew Carrange Dpostpone 4.AAbove all BIn theory CIn time DFor example 5.AAlthough BLest CAfter DUnless 6.Ainto Bwithin Cfrom Dthrough 7.Asince
7、 Bbut Cor Dso 8.Acopy Btest Crecite Dcreate 9.Afolding Bpiling Cwrapping Dtying 10.Apassing Blighting Chiding Dserving 于 2016.1.25 整理完成 - 2 - 11. Ameeting Bcollection Cassociation Dunion 12. Agrow Bpart Cdeal Dlive 13. Awhereas Buntil Cif Dfor 14. Aobtain Bfollow Cchallenge Davoid 15. Aisolated Bper
8、suaded Cviewed Dexposed 16. Awhatever Bhowever Cwhenever Dwherever 17.Achanged Bbrought Cshaped Dpushed 18.Awithdrawn Binvested Cdonated Ddivided 19. Abreaks Bwarms Cshows Dclears 20.Aso Bwhile Conce Din that Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer t
9、he questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary
10、 approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by lo
11、oks that end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about
12、 the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and
13、intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government于 2016.1.25
14、整理完成 - 3 - -defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary st
15、andards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter c
16、learly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashio
17、n Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry. 21.
18、According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France? ANew runways would be constructed. BPhysical beauty would be redefined. CWebsites about dieting would thrive. DThe fashion industry would decline. 22. The phrase “impinging on” (Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to . Aheightening the
19、value of. Bindicating the state of. Closing faith in. Ddoing harm to. 23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry? ANew standards are being set in Denmark. BThe French measures have already failed. CModels are no longer under peer pressure. DIts inherent problems are getting worse. 24
20、. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for . Apursuing perfect physical conditions. Bcaring too much about models character. Cshowing little concern for health factors. Dsetting a high age threshold for models. 25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text? AA Challenge to
21、the Fashion Industrys Body Ideals BA Dilemma for the Starving Models in France CJust Another Round of Struggle for Beauty DThe Great Threats to the Fashion Industry Text 2 For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curiou于 2016.1.25 整理完成 -
22、4 - s result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish h
23、ouses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hills pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more
24、, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing“off-plan” building wher
25、e local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democratsare silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more consider
26、ed approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents StirlingAckroyd recent
27、ly identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of theprovinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always
28、, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. Thisis not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best whe
29、re building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to reta
30、in an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternativethe corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum. 26. Britains public
31、sentiment about the countryside . Adidntstart till the Shakespearean age. Bhas brought much benefit to the NHS. 于 2016.1.25 整理完成 - 5 - Cis fully backed by the royal family. Dis not well reflected in politics. 27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being_ . Agrad
32、ually destroyed. Beffectively reinforced. Clargely overshadowed. Dproperly protected. 28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3? ALabour is under attack for opposing development. BThe Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building. CThe Liberal Democrats are losing political influen
33、ce. DUkip may gain from its support for rural conservation. 29. The author holds that George Osbornes preference_ . Ahighlights his firm stand against lobby pressure. Bshows his disregard for the character of rural areas. Cstresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis. Dreveals a strong prejud
34、ice against urban areas. 30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of_ . Athe size of population in Britain. Bthe political life in todays Britain. Cthe enviable urban lifestyle in Britain. Dthe town-and-country planning in Britain. Text 3 “ There is one and only one social respon
35、sibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Fiedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money,t
36、hings may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary valuefor companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting fir
37、m ,This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumersmay take CSR spending as a “signal” that a companys products are of high quality.Second, customers maybe willing to buy a companys products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes is helps. And third, through a more di
38、ffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions unde
39、r Americas Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect. 于 2016.1.25 整理完成 - 6 - The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensi
40、veCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines. In all, the study conc
41、ludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a companys record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that ge
42、nerally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,“ says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the o
43、ther possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstrated that whencompanies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen t
44、o influenced by a companys record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rightsconcern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,“ says one rese
45、archer. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstra
46、ted that whencompanies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment. 31. The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR with . A tolerance B skepticism C uncertainty Dapproval 32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company . Al winning trust from consumers. B guarding it against malpractices. C protecting it from being defamed. D raising the quality of its products. 33.Theexpression “more lenient“ (Line 2, Para. 4)is closestin meaning to . Al more effective. B less controversial. C
