1、耳鼻咽喉科医学英语术语表（Glossary of Otolaryngology） A return to topacoustic neuroma 听神经瘤- a tumor, usually benign, which develops on the hearing and balance nerves and can cause gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness.acquired deafness - loss of hearing that occurs or develops over the course of a lifeti
2、me; deafness not present at birth.aguesia - loss of the sense of taste.Alports syndrome - A hereditary condition characterized by kidney disease, sensorineural hearing loss, and some difficulties with eye defects.American Sign Language (ASL) - Manual (hand) language with its own syntax and grammar u
3、sed primarily by people who are hard of hearing.anosmia - absence of the sense of smell.aphasia - total or partial loss of ability to use or understand language; usually caused by stroke, brain disease, or injury.aphonia - complete loss of voice.apraxia - inability to make a voluntary movement in sp
4、ite of being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.articulation disorder - inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat.assistive devices - technical tools and devices such as
5、alphabet boards, text telephones, or text-to-speech conversion software used to assist people with physical or emotional disorders in performing certain actions, tasks, and activities.audiologist - a healthcare professional trained to identify and measure hearing impairments and related disorders us
6、ing a variety of tests and procedures.auditory brainstem response (ABR) test - test used for hearing in infants and young children, or to test for brain functioning in unresponsive patients.auditory nerve - eighth cranial nerve that connects the inner ear to the brainstem.auditory perception- abilit
7、y to identify, interpret, and attach meaning to sound.auditory prosthesis - device that substitutes or enhances the ability to hear.augmentative devices - tools that help individuals with limited or absent speech to communicate.aural rehabilitation - techniques used with people who are hearing impai
8、red to improve ability to speak and to communicate.autoimmune deafness - hearing loss in an individual that may be associated with a tissue-causing disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.autism - brain disorder that begins in early childhood and persists throughout adulthood; affects three c
9、rucial areas of development: communication, social interaction, and creative or imaginative play.B return to topbalance - biological system that enables individuals to know where their bodies are in the environment and to maintain a desired position; normal balance depends on information from the la
10、byrinth in the inner ear, and from other senses such as sight and touch, as well as from muscle movement.balance disorder - disruption in the labyrinth, the inner ear organ that controls the balance system allowing individuals to know where their bodies are in the environment.barotrauma - injury to
11、the middle ear caused by a change in air pressure.benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - balance disorder that results in a sudden onset of dizziness, spinning, or vertigo that occurs when suddenly moving the head from one position to another.brainstem implant - auditory prosthesis that bypas
12、ses the cochlea and auditory nerve to help individuals who cannot benefit from a cochlear implant because the auditory nerves are not working.C return to topcaptioning - text display of spoken words presented on a television or a movie screen that allows a deaf or hard-of-hearing viewer to follow th
13、e dialogue and the action of a program simultaneously.central auditory processing disorder - inability of individuals with normal hearing and intelligence to differentiate, recognize, or understand sounds.chemosensory disorders - disorders or diseases of smell or taste.cholesteatoma - accumulation o
14、f tissue in the middle ear caused by repeated middle ear infections.cochlea - snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the organ of hearing.cochlear implant - medical device that bypasses damaged structures in the inner ear and directly stimulates auditory nerve to allow some deaf indiv
15、iduals to learn to hear and interpret sounds and speech.conductive hearing impairment - hearing loss caused by dysfunction of the outer or middle ear.cued speech - method of communication that combines speech reading with a system of handshapes placed near the mouth to help deaf or hard-of-hearing i
16、ndividuals differentiate words that look similar on the lips.cytomegalovirus (congenital) - one group of viruses that infect humans and can cause a variety of clinical symptoms including deafness or hearing impairment; infection with the virus may be either before or after birth.D return to topdecib
17、el - unit that measures the intensity or loudness of sound.dizziness - physical unsteadiness, imbalance, and lightheadedness associated with balance disorders.dysarthia - group of speech disorders caused by disturbances in the strength or coordination of the muscles of the speech mechanism as a resu
18、lt of damage to the brain or nerves or muscles.dysequilibrium - any disturbance of balance.dysfluency - disruption in the smooth flow or expression of speech.dysgeusia - distortion or absence of the sense of taste.dysosmia - distortion or absence of the sense of smell.dysphagia - difficulty swallowi
19、ng.dysphonia - any impairment of the voice or difficulty speaking.dyspraxia of speech - partial loss of the ability to consistently pronounce words in individuals with normal muscle tone and coordination of the speech muscles.dystonia - abnormal muscle tone of one or more muscles.E return to topear
20、infection - presence and growth of bacteria or viruses in the ear.ear wax - yellow secretion from glands in the outer ear (cerumen) that keeps the skin of the ear dry and protected from infection.endolymph - fluid in the labyrinth - the organ of balance located in the inner ear.G return to topgustat
21、ion - act or sensation of tasting.H return to tophair cells - sensory cells of the inner ear, which are topped with hair-like structures (stereocilia), which transform the mechanical energy of sound waves into nerve impulses.hearing - series of events in which sound waves in the air are converted to
22、 electrical signals that are sent as nerve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted.hearing aid - electronic device that brings amplified sound to the ear.hearing disorder - disruption in the normal hearing process; sound waves are not converted to electrical signals and nerve impulses are n
23、ot transmitted to the brain to be interpreted.hoarseness - abnormally rough or harsh-sounding voice caused by vocal abuse and other disorders.hypogeusia - diminished sensitivity to taste.hyposmia - diminished sensitivity to smell.inner ear - part of the ear that contains both the organ of hearing (t
24、he cochlea) and the organ of balance (the labyrinth).L return to toplabyrinth - organ of balance located in the inner ear. The labyrinth consists of three semicircular canals and the vestibule.labyrinthine hydrops - excessive fluid in the organ of balance (labyrinth) that can cause pressure or fulln
25、ess in the ears, hearing loss, dizziness, and loss of balance.labyrinthitis - viral or bacterial infection or inflammation of the inner ear that can cause dizziness, loss of balance, and temporary hearing loss.Landau-Kleffner syndrome - A childhood disorder of unknown origin that can be identified b
26、y gradual or sudden loss of the ability to understand and use spoken language.language - system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs, or marks.language disorders - problems with verbal communication and the ability to use or understand the symbol system for interpersona
27、l communication.laryngeal neoplasms - abnormal growths in the larynx (voice box) that can be cancerous or noncancerous.laryngeal nodules - noncancerous, callous-like growths on the inner parts of the vocal folds (vocal cords).laryngeal paralysis - loss of function of one or both of the vocal folds.l
28、aryngectomy - surgery to remove part or all of the larynx or voice box.laryngitis - hoarse voice or the complete loss of the voice because of irritation to the vocal folds (vocal cords).larynx - valve structure between the trachea (windpipe) and the pharynx (the upper throat) that is the primary org
29、an of voice production.M return to topmastoid - back portion of the temporal bone behind the ear.mastoid surgery - surgical procedure to remove infection from the mastoid bone.Menieres disease - An inner ear disorder that can affect both hearing and balance; can cause vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus
30、, and the sensation of fullness in the ear.meningitis - inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord; may cause hearing loss or deafness.middle ear - part of the ear that includes the eardrum and three tiny bones of the middle ear, ending at the round window
31、 that leads to the inner ear.misarticulation - inaccurately produced speech sound (phoneme) or sounds.motion sickness - dizziness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and generalized discomfort experienced when an individual is in motion.motor speech disorders - group of disorders caused by the inability to
32、 accurately produce speech sounds (phonemes).N return to topneural plasticity - ability of the brain and/or certain parts of the nervous system to change in order to adapt to new conditions, such as an injury.neural prostheses - devices that substitute for an injured or diseased part of the nervous
33、system to enhance the function.neural stimulation - to activate or energize a nerve through an external source.neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausens) - a group of inherited disorders in which noncancerous tumors grow on several nerves that may include the hearing nerve.neurogenic communication diso
34、rder - inability to exchange information with others because of hearing, speech, and/or language problems caused by impairment of the nervous system.noise-induced hearing loss - hearing loss that is caused either by a one-time or repeated exposure to very loud sound(s) or sounds at various loudness
35、levels over an extended period of time.nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment - hearing loss or deafness that is inherited and is not associated with other inherited clinical characteristics.O return to topodorant - substance that stimulates the sense of smell.olfaction - the act of smelling.olf
36、actometer - device for estimating the intensity of the sense of smell.open-set speech recognition - understanding speech without visual clues.otitis media - inflammation of the middle ear caused by infection.otitis externa - inflammation of the outer part of the ear extending to the auditory canal.o
37、toacoustic emissions - low-intensity sounds produced by the inner ear that can be measured with a sensitive microphone placed in the ear canal.otolaryngologist - physician/surgeon who specializes in diseases of the ears, nose, throat, and head and neck.otologist - physician/surgeon who specializes i
38、n diseases of the ear.otosclerosis - abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which prevents structures within the ear from working properly, resulting in a gradual loss of hearing.ototoxic drugs - drugs that can damage the hearing and balance organs located in the inner ear.outer ear - external p
39、ortion of the ear, consisting of the pinna, or auricle, and the ear canal.P return to topparosmia - any disease or perversion of the sense of smell, especially the subjective perception of odors that do not exist.perception (hearing) - process of knowing or being aware of information through the ear
40、.perilymph fistula - leakage of inner ear fluid to the middle ear that occurs without apparent cause or is associated with head trauma, physical exertion, or barotrauma.phonology - study of speech sounds.postlingually deafened - individual who becomes deaf after having learned language.prelingually
41、deafened - individual who is either born deaf or who lost hearing early in childhood, before learning language.presbycusis - loss of hearing that gradually occurs because of changes in the inner or middle ear in individuals as they grow older.R return to topround window - membrane separating the mid
42、dle ear and inner ear.S return to topsensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the sensory cells and/or nerve fibers of the inner ear.sign language - language of hand shapes, facial expressions, and movements used as a form of communication.smell - to perceive odor or scent throu
43、gh stimuli affecting the olfactory nerves.smell disorder - inability to perceive odors that may be temporary or permanent.sound vocalization - ability to produce voice.spasmodic dysphonia - momentary disruption of voice caused by involuntary movements of one or more muscles of the larynx or voice bo
44、x.specific language impairment (or SLI) - difficulty with the organized-symbol-system communication in the absence of problems such as mental retardation, hearing loss, or emotional disorders.speech - making definite vocal sounds that form words to express thoughts and ideas.speech disorder - defect or abnormality that prevents an individual from communicating by means of spoken words.speech processor - part of a cochlear implant that converts speech sounds into electrical impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve.
