1、抗 EGFR治疗结直肠癌疗效的 潜在预测标记 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院 肿瘤中心 化疗科 徐 农 肿瘤治疗 疗效 毒性 选择 EGFR状态作为结直肠癌的预后因素 l 82%的结直肠癌 EGFR有不同程度的表达 肿 瘤 类 型 与 RFS相关性 (%) 与 OS相关性 (%) EGFR 作 为 强 烈 预 后指 标 膀胱癌 60(n=5) 63(n=11) 宫颈 癌 75(n=4) 71(n=7) 食管癌 0(n=1) 69(n=13) 头颈 部 肿 瘤 75(n=8) 82(n=11) 卵巢癌 80(n=5) 67(n=9) EGFR 作 为 中度 预 后指 标 乳腺癌 N/A 55(n=1
2、1) 结 直 肠 癌 N/A 67(n=3) 胃癌 N/A 50(n=6) 内膜癌 N/A 40(n=5) EGFR 作 为轻 度 预 后指 标 NSCLC 20(n=10) 10(n=10) Nicholson et al. Eur J Cancer 2019;37(Suppl. 4):S915 Frequency(%) of studies showing an association between increased EGFR level and decreased survival 预测抗 EGFR疗效指标 l 皮疹 l 检测 EGFR 状态 EGFR蛋白表达 IHC 基因表达 FI
3、SH 基因突变 基因水平 基因考贝数 l 检测 EGFR 激活 EGFR 配体 EGFR 磷酸化 KRAS l 其他信号通路 PTEN失活 VEGF基因表达 P21 丢失 STAT3激活 l 胚系基因多态性 EGFR基因多态性( CA双 核苷酸重复序列) FcR多态性( FcRIIa131 位点和 FcRIIIa 158位点) cyclin D1 A870G和 EGF A61G的多态性 Cox-2的 G765C多态性 临床预测标记 痤疮样皮疹 l 痤疮样皮疹是抗 EGFR靶向药物常见的不良反应,并呈 剂量依赖性。 l 抑制 EGFR介导的信号通路 - 抑制生长、促进凋亡、 - 抑制细胞迁移 -
4、 增加细胞黏附和分化 - 刺激炎症进而影响角质化细胞 l 导致特有的皮肤表现 抗 EGFR治疗 所致皮肤反应 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 抗 EGFR治疗 所致皮肤反应 Description of severe cases 后炎症效应痤疮样皮疹 甲沟炎 皮肤干燥 Topical antiacne creams (drying effect) tetracyclines antihistamines Pruritus Pulse dye laser EmollientsHydrocolloid dressing or propylene glycol acetylsalicyl Ant
5、iseptic soaks, silver nitrate (pyogenic granuloma) 皲裂 Segaert S, et al. Ann Oncol. 2019;16:1425-1433. Therapy Suggestions 西妥昔单抗治疗 皮疹与生存期关系 1. Saltz L, et al. Proc ASCO. 2019. 2. Saltz L, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;22:1201-1208. 3. Cunningham D, et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;351:337-345. 4. Van Cutsem E,
6、et al. EORTC/NCI Geneva. 2019. 5. Xiong H, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;22:2610-2616. 6. Kies MS, et al. Proc ASCO. 2019. 0 No reaction Grade 2Grade 1 Grade 3 Survival (Months) 16 12 8 4 CRC 9923 Saltz (2019)1 CRC 0141 Saltz (2019)2 CRC BOND Cunningham3 CRC Van Cutsem (2019)4 Pancreatic Xiong (2019)5 S
7、CCHN Kies (2019)6 *There were no grade 4 skin reactions. Van Cutsem E, et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4000. Skin reaction grade 0 or 1 (n = 244) 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 PFS Time (Months) 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 PFS Estimate Skin reaction grade 2 (n = 243) Skin reaction grade 3* (n = 11
8、2) 11.3 months5.4 months 9.4 months CRYSTAL: PFS by On-Study Skin Reactions: Cetuximab + FOLFIRI 皮肤毒性与肿瘤疗效的机理 l 一些研究者提出假设,皮疹是西妥昔单抗与受体结合 饱和程度的替代标志 l 获得所需皮肤毒性的靶向剂量就能进一步提高该药物 的疗效 l 证实假说,进行了一项随机多中心 I、 II期研究( EVEREST试验) l 另一种假说的解释是皮肤毒性的预测价值可能与个体 间胚系遗传多态性有关 Tejpar S, et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4037. Patie
9、nts with EGFR-positive mCRC failing irinotecan-based therapy (N = 166) Arm A: Irinotecan + standard-dose Cetuximab 250 mg/m2/week Arm B: Irinotecan + dose -escalated* Cetuximab dose increases of 50 mg/m2 q2w up to maximum 500 mg/m2/wk Arm C: Irinotecan + standard-dose Cetuximab 250 mg/m2/week Day 1
10、Day 22 Grade 1 rash (n = 89) Grade 2 rash (n = 77) *Dose escalated by 50 mg/m2/week until grade 2 toxicity, tumor response, or dose reaches 500 mg/m2. EVEREST: Study Design Cetuximab 400 mg/m2 initial dose then 250 mg/m2/wk + Irinotecan (180 mg/m2 q2w) Not eligible for randomization randomization Te
11、jpar S, et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4037. Arm C (Standard Dose) Arm C (Standard Dose) Response Rate PFS MonthsResponse (%) Arm A (Fixed Dose) Arm B (Dose Escalation) Arm A (Fixed Dose) Arm B (Dose Escalation) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 EVEREST Phase I/II Cetuximab in mCRC Study: Preliminary
12、Results EGFR表达状态 EGFR表达 (IHC) 抗 EGFR药 物 EGFR表达 有效率 % 西妥昔 单 抗 Cunningham等 2 EGFR表达 细 胞 10% 7( 4/56) 020% 31( 5/16) 2035% 0(0/7) 35% 9(3/32) EGFR 染色 强 度 微弱 5( 1/21) 弱或中度 13( 7/55) 强 12( 4/34) Saltz等 9 EGFR状 态 1+ 6( 2/35) 2+ 13( 4/30) 3+ 0( 0/10) 帕尼 单 抗 Hecht等 15 EGFR表达 细 胞 1% 6(2/35) 1-9% 8(4/51) 9% 7
13、(6/89) Berlin等 16 10% 8(3/39) EGFR 突变 l 与 NSCLC相反 ,体细胞 EGFR基因突变在结直肠癌患者 中罕见 l 不论 EGFR基因状态是野生型还是突变型 ,抗 EGFR治 疗都有效 Khambata-Ford S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:3230-3237. Tsuchihashi Z, et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;353:208-209. EGFR 基因拷贝数 l Metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab or
14、panitumumab (N = 31) screened for EGFR copy number and mutation profile Objective response (n = 10) Stable or progressive disease (n = 21) Moroni M, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2019;6:279-286. 89.9 4.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 Objective responders Nonresponders Increased EGFR Copy Number by FISH (%) P 0.0001 EGFR
15、 FISH表达 l Retrospective analyses suggest a correlation between anti-EGFR therapy and EGFR gene copy numbers by FISH 2,3 l Methodology issues for translation into clinical practice4 Cetuximab Treatment of mCRC (n = 85)1 1. Cappuzzo F, et al. Ann Oncol. 2019;Epub. 2. Moroni M, et al. Lancet 2019;6:279
16、-286. 3. Sartore-Bianchi A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:3238-3245. 4. Personeni N, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:18S. Abstract 10569. 6.6 11.3 3.5 8.5 0 4 8 12 16 TTP OS Months EGFR FISH+ EGFR FISH- P = .02 P = .8 100 70 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 2.47 2.47 CR + PRPD + SD 100 32 0 20 40 60 80 100 43% 43%
17、68 P = .0009 P = .0007 Patients (%) Patients (%) EGFR gene copy number Chromosome 7 polysomyor amplification EGFR 基因拷贝数 Sartore-Bianchi A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:3238-3245. l Survival, response outcomes on panitumumab associated with EGFR gene copy number EGFR 磷酸化(激活) Measuring EGFR phosphoryl
18、ation by immunohistochemistry may predict higher response rates Major methodological issues for translation into clinical practice pEGFR 7 (n = 7) pEGFR 7 (n = 13) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Disease Control Rate (%) 100 54 P = 0.05 Level of EGFR Phosphorylation Personeni N, et al. Semin Oncol. 2019;32:S59-S6
19、2. EGFR 配体表达 : A Predictor for Increased PFS? EGFR Ligand Expression High Low 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Median PFS (Days) 103.5 days 115.5 days 57 days 57 days EREG (P = .0002) AREG (P = .0002) n = 110, cetuximab monotherapy. Khambata-Ford S, et al. J Clin Oncol 2019;25:3230-3237. EREG:epireulin 表皮调
20、节素 AREG:amphiregulin 双调蛋白 Association of PFS and OS with the baseline expression level of epiregulin (EREG) Van Cutsem E, et al. WCGIC 2019. Abstract 0034. EVEREST 研究 : 表皮调节素 PFS Survival High Low 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 600 800 High Low P = .013 P = .00033 Time (Days
21、) Time (Days) Proof of PFS Proof of OS 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 KRAS突变 预测西妥昔单抗疗效的生物学指标 RAS是细胞内信号传导途径中的是细胞内信号传导途径中的 “下游区下游区 ”的一种信号传导的一种信号传导 蛋白,对细胞的生长,存活和分化等功能具有重要影响蛋白,对细胞的生长,存活和分化等功能具有重要影响 K-RAS基因 KRAS 基因突变时,不 管 EGFR是否活化, KRAS 蛋白( p 21 ras) 激活 KRAS 基因突变是早期事 件,结直肠患者发生率 4045% KRAS 突变总体与预后 差有关 KRAS突变患者 西
22、妥昔单抗治疗 生存期明显缩短 l 30 mCRC patients treated with cetuximab 43% with KRAS mutation l KRAS mutation observed in 0% of 11 responders 68% of 19 nonresponders P = .0003 Lievre A, et al. Cancer Res. 2019;66:3992-3995. 6.3 16.9 0 5 10 15 20 Median Survival (months) Mutated KRAS Wild type KRAS P = .016 Predic
23、tive Role of KRAS in CRC P = .003 Khambata-Ford S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:3230-3237. 11 51 89 46 0 20 40 60 80 100 Disease Control Group Patients (%) Mutant at KRAS codon 12 or 13 Wild-type KRAS Nonresponders Treatment (Panitumumab or Cetuximab) No. of Patients (WT:MT) Objective Response n (%)
24、 WT MT Benvenuti et al (Cancer Res, 2019) Pmab or cmab or cmab + CT 48 (32:16) 10 (31) 1 (6) Capuzzo, et al (Ann Oncol. 2019;Epub) Cmab CT 81 (49:32) 13 (26) 2 (6) Di Fiore, et al (Br J Cancer. 2019) Cmab + CT 59 (43:16) 12 (28) 0 (0) Khambata-Ford, et al (J Clin Oncol. 2019) Cmab 80 (50:30) 5 (10)
25、0 (0) De Roock, et al (Ann Oncol. 2019) Cmab or cmab + irinotecan 113 (67:46) 27 (40) 0 (0) Livre et al (J Clin Oncol. 2019) Cmab CT 114(78:36) 34 (44) 0 (0) Single-Arm Studies: KRAS as a Biomarker for EGFR Inhibitors KRAS Status and Response to Panitumumab: Phase III Trial Analysis Amado RG, et al.
26、 GI Cancers Symposium 2019. Abstract 278.J Clin Oncol 2019,26,1626 Panitumumab 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks + Best Supportive Care (n = 231) Best Supportive Care* (n = 232) Colorectal cancer patients stratified by ECOG 0-1 vs 2 and region (N = 463) *Optional crossover to panitumumab upon disease progressio
27、n. PFS by KRAS Status and Treatment Amado RG, et al. GI Cancers Symposium 2019. Abstract 278. J Clin Oncol 2019,26,1626 The relative effect of panitumumab vs best supportive care was significantly greater in patients with WT vs mutant KRAS The quantitative-interaction test comparing the magnitude of
28、 the relative treatment effect on PFS between WT and mutant KRAS was statistically significant (P .0001) PFS was significantly greater for panitumumab treatment compared with best supportive care in the WT KRAS group (stratified log-rank test: P .0001). Mutant KRAS WT KRAS Pmab + BSC BSC alone 7.4 7
29、.3 HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.73-1.36) Proportion Event Free Weeks 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 HR: 0.45 (95% CI: 0.34-0.59) Stratified log-rank test: P grade 2 toxicity, tumor response, or dose reaches 500 mg/m2. EVEREST: Study Design Cetuximab 400 mg/m2
30、 initial dose then 250 mg/m2/wk + Irinotecan (180 mg/m2 q2w) Not eligible for randomization randomization EVEREST: PFS (ITT Population) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 Days PFS Estimate 800 P .0001 KRAS mutant WT KRAS KRAS mutation present 83 days (95% CI: 75.9-90.2) 173 days (95% CI: 141.3-204.
31、7) Tejpar S, et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4001. Reproduced with permission. EVEREST: PFS by Treatment Group and KRAS Status 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 Days Days Days KRAS mutant WT KRAS Control KRAS muta
32、tion present P = .014 KRAS mutant WT KRAS Dose Escalation KRAS mutation present KRAS mutant WT KRAS Nonrandomized KRAS mutation present P .001 P = .020 Tejpar S, et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4001. Reproduced with permission. PFS Estimate PFS Estimate PFS Estimate CAIRO2 Study of the Dutch Colorectal G
33、roup (DCCG): Schema Stratified by previous adjuvant chemotherapy, serum LDH, number of affected organs, and institution Patients with advanced colorectal cancer, with no previous systemic treatment for advanced disease, and WHO performance score 0-1 (N = 755) Arm A Cycles 1-6 Capecitabine 1000 mg/m2
34、 BID on Days 1-14 + Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on Day 1 + Bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg on Day 1 Cycles 7 and beyond Capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 BID on Days 1-14 + Bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg on Day 1 (n = 368) Arm B* Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, Bevacizumab as above + Cetuximab 400 mg/m2 initial dose then 250 mg/m2 weekly
35、(n = 368) Punt , et al. ASCO 2019. Abstract 4011. Primary endpoint: PFS Secondary endpoints: OS, response rate, toxicity, quality of life *3-wk cycles. CAIRO2: Impact of KRAS on PFS/OS 野生 型 突 变 型 P值 PFS CapeOx+Be v 10.7 12.5 0.92 CapeOx+Be v+C 10.5 8.6 0.47 P值 0.10 0.04 3 OS CapeOx+Be v 23 24. 9 0.9
36、0 CapeOx+Be v+C 22.2 19. 1 P值 0.49 0.3 5 KRAS 突变率 39.1%( 196/501) 其他信号通路 PTEN 磷酸酯酶和肿瘤抑癌蛋白 l 调节 PI-3K-Akt信号通路 l 40%的结直肠癌 PTEN表达下降,与 PTEN突变或缺失 有关 Romagnani et al. Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2019 abstract 427 n=10 n=17 0 20 40 60 80 100 有效 PTEN表达 P =0.001 Patients (%) 无效 35 100 上调 VEGF和其他血管发生介质
37、 l A431鳞状细胞癌移植瘤模型 EGFR过表达的体内实验 提示,通过增加 EGFR产物能够诱导西妥昔单抗的获得 性耐药 l Ciardiello等提示对西妥昔单抗或吉非替尼耐药的结肠 癌细胞株活化的磷酸 MAPK、 COX-2表达和 VEGF增高 510倍 l Vallbohmer的研究也表明,在 39例转移性结直肠中, 用定量 PCR检测发现,肿瘤内 VEGF基因低表达与西 妥昔单抗治疗疗效有关 Viloria-Petit et al. Cancer Res 2019;61:50905101 Ciardiello et al. Clin Cancer Res 2019;10:784793
38、 Vallbohmer et al. J Clin Oncol 2019;23:35363544. p21 l Ogino的研究提示结直肠癌 p21表达,尤其伴有 p53突 变,是预测化疗加吉非替尼耐药的指标 Ogino et al. Clin Cancer Res 2019;11:66506656 0 20 40 60 80 100 有效率 (%) 25 67 0 20 40 60 80 100 Patients (%) 9 68 P =0.05 p21丢失 p21表达阳性 P =0.005 p21表达丢失伴野生型 p53 p21表达伴 p53突变 STAT3激活 l 在 EVEREST研究
39、中,用 IHC检测 pSTAT3,初步结果 显示西妥昔单抗治疗有效患者的 STAT磷酸化程度轻度 升高 Spano et al.Eur J Cancer 2019;42:26682670. 胚系基因多态性预测指标 EGFR基因多态性 EGFR G+497A EGF A+61G 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 2 PFS ( 月 ) 1.31.8 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 1.21.4 P =0.0017 EGFR G+497A EGFR +497 GG P =0.042 EGF +61 GG EGF +61 A-allele PFS ( 月 )1.6 Lurje et al. sub
40、mitted for publication 130例 MCRC患者 cetuximab 治疗 回顾研究 (IMCL-0144) FcR多态性 l 39例转移性 CRC患者 l IgG1 mAb的片段 c 能诱导 ADCC Zhang W, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;25:3712-3718. Log-rank P =0.004 FCGR2A H/H or H/R and FCGR3A F/F or F/V (n = 22) FCGR2A R/R or FCGR3A V/V (n = 13) PFS for patients with metastatic color
41、ectal cancer receiving cetuximab by fragment c receptor (FCGR) polymorphisms. 3.7 1.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 Median PFS PFS (months) Cyclin D1 A870G EGF A61G 多态性 Zhang W, et al. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2019;16:475483. 0 2 4 6 8 10 Survival ( 月 ) 2.3 8.7 0 2 4 6 8 10 4.4 12 P =0.019 A870G AG/GG A870G AA P =0.00
42、4 预后良好基因型 预后不良基因型 EGF的 A等位基因和 cyclin D1的 G等位基因预后良好基因型 预后不良基因型 EGF的 GG基因型和 cyclin D1的 AA基因型 Survival ( 月 ) Cox-2 G765C多态性 启动子区域 +8473多态性 l 环氧化酶 -2( Cox-2) EGFR通路限速因素 l 体外试验 Cox-2的 G765C多态性 启动子活性减弱 30% 0 2 4 6 8 10 PFS ( 月 ) 1.35.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 1.43.8 P =0.032 G765C CC G765C G-allele P =0.003 +8473 CC
43、 +8473 T-allele PFS ( 月 ) Lurje et al. submitted for publication 预测抗 EGFR疗效指标 -小结 l 皮疹 l 检测 EGFR 状态 EGFR蛋白表达 IHC 基因表达 FISH 基因突变 基因水平 基因考贝数 l 检测 EGFR 激活 EGFR 配体 EGFR 磷酸化 KRAS l 其他信号通路 PTEN失活 VEGF基因表达 P21 丢失 STAT3激活 l 胚系基因多态性 EGFR基因多态性( CA双 核苷酸重复序列) FcR多态性( FcRIIa131 位点和 FcRIIIa 158位点) cyclin D1 A870G和 EGF A61G的多态性 Cox-2的 G765C多态性 biomarker validation study 未来方向 Large prospectice clincal trials are needed to confirm and validate the predictive value of these molecular markers