1、定语从句 一、概述 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句 (attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定 语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词 who、whom、whose、which、that 和关系副词 when、where、why 等。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词 that） His parents wouldnt let
2、 him marry anyone whose family was poor.他父 母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词 whose） In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系 代词 whom） In 1519 another traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。（引导
3、词是 关系代词 who） I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一 次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词 when） This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。 （引导词是关系副词 where） 二、关系代词和关系副词的功用能 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用， 使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可 作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。 1、作主语 关系代词在定语从句中作主
4、语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。 All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词 that在句中作主语） A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词 that在 句中作主语） The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我 班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词 who在句中作主语） They planted the trees which didnt need much water. 他们
5、种植了需水不 多的树木。（引导词 which在句中作主语） 2、作宾语 在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去 The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引 导词 that，可省略） The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词 which，可省略） The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李 先生。（引导词 whom，不可省略） 3、作定语 关系代词 whose在定语从句中作定语用
6、。 Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐 就是昨晚房子着火的那位老师。 This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩， 他母亲是我们的语文老师。 注意：关系代词 whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介 词放在主语和从句之间。 The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老 板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
7、4、作状语 关系副词 where, when和 why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因 状语。 Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘 记我们在农场工作的那段日子。 The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲 工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。 This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。 三、关系代词的用法 英语中的关系代词有 who，whom，whose，which
8、，that 和 as。它们的用法如下： 1、who，whom 的用法 who和 whom指人，who 在定语从句中作主语；whom 在定语从句中作宾语，在限 制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用 who代替 whom。 In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初， 买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语) The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人 是波尔先生。(whom 作宾语能省略) His mother, whom he lov
9、ed dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于 1818年去世了。（whom 引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略） 2、whose 的用法 whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用 of which取代。 I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。 We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子 里。 3、which 的用法 which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可 省略。 Today,
10、fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上 许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略） They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.他们需要 一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略） It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘 客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)
11、 He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非 限制性定语从句中不省略） 4、that 的用法 that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和 which大致相同，但也有区别。 All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农 村的人工作都更努力。（that 指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略） This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that 指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略） Th
12、is is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一 个剧本。（that 指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略） She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。 （that 指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略） 5、关系代词 that和 which的区别 （1)相同点 这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语； 作宾语时都可省略。 The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车 是
13、去上海的。(作主语) The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的 电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略) （2）用 that，不用 which的情况 当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时 （something 之后也可用 which）。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作， 我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there
14、anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的 那些问题。 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件 事是弄点吃的。 当先行词有
15、the very，the only，the same 等修饰时。 Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。 They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。 They talked for about half an hour of things and person
16、s that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来， 聊了约半个钟头。 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。 当要避免与疑问词 which重复时。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的? 当先行词为 the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用 that，但 通常被省略。 I dont like the way(that)you spe
17、ak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。 （3）用 which，不用 that的情况 引导非限制性定语从句。 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。 Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her rol
18、e in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当 然使别人不高兴。 直接放在介词后作宾语时。 Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交 流。 巧记 that和 which的区别： that，which 可互换，下列请况勿照办；that 情况比较多，不妨对你说一说； 不定代词这路货，全用 that准没错；先行词前被限
19、制，千万不要用 which； 要用 which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。 6、关系代词 who与 that的区别 （1）当先行词是 he、people、those 等时，引导词常用 who。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好 汉。 Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。 Ill never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些 帮助过我的人。 （2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用 th
20、at。 She isnt the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小 姑娘了。 He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。 7、as 的用法 （1）as 引导限制性定语从句通常构成 such.as或 the same.as固定搭配， as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。 I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨 天使用的那种工具。(作宾语) Many of the sports were
21、the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同 现在的一样。(作表语) Dont read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可 以了。 He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。 Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语) （2）suchthat与 suchas “suchthat”表示“如此以致
22、”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语 从句；而“suchas”表“像这样的”的意思，用来引导定语从句， as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。 He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至 于我们都尊敬他。 He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。 （3）the samethat与 the same as “the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。 试比较下列两个句子： This is the same book that I
23、lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书） This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不 是原来的那一本） （4）as 引导非限制性定语从句 as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单 词，as 引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。 The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once
24、 every month. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。 8、but 的用法 but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的 意思，其作用相当于“that/which/whonot”。它前面的主句必须有“否定” 的词(如 no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but 引导的肯定定语从句和否定 的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。 There is no mother but love
25、s her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesnt love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。 There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。 9、than 的用法 than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than 前通常有比较 级的词。 Dont give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所 需。 H
26、e has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。 Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚 会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。 四、关系副词 英语中的关系副词有 where，when，why 等。 1、when 的用法 when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气 很热的月份。 He came last night when
27、 I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。 Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借 项链的事吗? 2、where 的用法 where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十
28、年后，他回到他童年时生活的 小城镇。 I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。 She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。 One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天 上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。 注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一
29、定都用 when或 where。 如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词 whch或 that。 This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观 的那家工厂。 I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘 记我在农村度过的那段时光。 3、why 的用法 why指原因，修饰名词 reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。 This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。 Do you know
30、 the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？ 巧记定语从句的用法 主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人 用 who或 whom，定物 which当先用。关系代词有 that，定人定物有本领。定时 间要用 when，定地点 where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。 五、“介词关系代词”用法 1、介词+which 在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语 介词+which 在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词 when，where 和 why。 I still remember the day o
31、n which (=when)I first came to school.我仍 然记得初来学校的那一天。 The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一 个大厂子。 This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.这就是他为什么 被关起来的原因。 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在办
32、公室里，我好像知道五点半从 有时间，在此前很多人都已回家了。 注意：关系代词 that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面， 只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。 The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在 100米远的村 庄里。 2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语 介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系 分句主谓常须倒置。 They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small bo
33、y.他们来 到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。 I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上 站着一只鸟。 3、不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语 不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整 体中的部分。 China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有许多岛屿，其 中之一是台湾。 There are a lot of students here，none of whom like
34、the film.这里有许 多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这个电影。 4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语 这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。 Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣服 是给谁买的吗? The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。 The man, from whom I learned the
35、 news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程 师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。 5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说 明动作的发出者。 The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死 了。 The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一 个好猎手。 6、名词+of which，代替 whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。 He paid the boy $10 for washing te
36、n windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他给了那个男孩 10美元让她擦十扇窗户， 大部分窗户至少一年没擦了。 I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因生病而发黑。 He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )Ive forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名我忘了。 7、介词+which(指物)/whose
37、(指人)，修饰后边的名词。 It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。 The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就 是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。 比较：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语 和谓语的定语从句。 She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim,
38、 her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱给他的丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。 At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他终于有给家写信的内容了。 六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句 定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行 词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去 意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 She has found the necklace that she
39、lost 2 years ago 她找到了两年前丢失的项链。(限制性定语从句) This is the man who came to see you yesterday.这就是昨天来看你的那个 人。(限制性定语从句) It happened at the time when I left the office. 这件事发生在我离开办 公室的时候。 2、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如 果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不 用 that来引导。 Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who se
40、emed to be busy. 昨天我遇见了李平，他 好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句) In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英国有 5580万人口，每年有 11万人口死于吸 烟。(非限制性定语从句) Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.
41、C.领导美国人民 经历了这些年的亚伯拉罕林肯 1865年 4月 14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被枪杀。 (非限制性定语从句) 3、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 （1）形式上不同 非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用逗 号与主句分开。 Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.昨 晚我看了一场好电影，这部电影是关于长征的故事。 The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上遇到的那个人是 个司机。 （2）可否省略的不同 限
42、制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就 不完整或失去意义，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉， 主句的意思仍然完整。 I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我办公室中唯一 受邀之人。 They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他们想建立自己的国家，在那里他们可以随意地把黑人当 奴隶。 （3）关系代词的不同 非限制性定语从句不能用 that代替 who，who
43、m 和 which，并且关系代词在非限 制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中却恰恰相反。 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过得最好的电影。 She sang a new song, which we liked very much.她唱了一首新歌，我们都 喜欢这首歌。 （4）翻译方式不同 限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句往往译为一个并列 的句子。 She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的阿 姨。 This note w
44、as left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.这个条子是小 吴留的，她刚才到这儿来过。 比较: He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一个哥哥。) He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有几个哥哥，其中一个是住 在北京的。) 4、as 与 which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别 as和 which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所 表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上有区别。 （1）相同之处 当从句位于主句之后，引导词指
45、代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as 和 which 可以互换。 The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.热和人都看得 出，这头大象像条蛇。 He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一个英国人， 那时我从他的口音上知道的。 A big earthquake occurred in the west part of Japan last night, as/which was reported on TV.据电视报道，昨天夜里日本西部地区发生了大 地震。
46、（2）不同之处 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主 句之中或之后，而 which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能谓语 主句之前。 Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 罗伯特擅长学语言，这我们 都知道。 As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. 都知道,再过二十到三十年，中国将成为一个强大先 进的国家。 He changed his mind, which m
47、ade me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很 生气。 As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.正如上文提到的，高中学生的人数在不断增加。 As is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month大家都知道，月亮每月绕地球一周。 Air, as we know, is a gas.我们知道，空气是一种气体。 He is very careful, as h
48、is work shows.他的工作表现表明他非常谨慎。 注意：as 引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同那样”的含义，因此在一些固 定结构如 as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正 如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述), as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样),as might be imagined(可以想 象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这
49、样)等中，一般不能用 which代替 as。 搭配上，在由 the same或 such所修饰的名词后通常用 as作关系代词引出限 制性定语从句。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。 Ive never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我从未听过像 他讲得那么有趣的故事。 which 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用 and this代替，意思 是“这件事”；as 引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、 看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。例如： He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行车卖了,这使我感到奇怪。 William became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, which made her mother very proud.威廉姆成为第一位在 奥运会上
