1、湖北省高考英语完成句子分析 湖北省长阳县民族高级中学 邹维刚 一、命题特点 “完成句子”是新颖的高考题型，考察的是对语法结构的掌握，在湖 北省高考英语卷中已有五年历史。纵观五年的考题，不难发现以下特点： 一、语法覆盖面广、粗略统计已涉及了 20 多种语法现象及固定句型，如 there be 句型、it occurred to sb. that 等；二、重点语法反复呈现， 如：10 年 71 题和 2011 年 71 题考点为倒装、10 年 72 题与 11 年 74 题考 点为分词短语作状语、非谓语动词历年都有 2-3 题、定语从句、倒装、 虚拟、形容词比较级、情态动词加现在完成时等连续几年都
2、有涉及到； 三、一道题目中不只考察一种语法，多种语法现象交织在一起；四、语 境控制、答案精确客观、字数限制在五个单词以内；五、紧密联系教材， 许多题目在教材上能找到对应的雏形，如 winning the scholarship、might have had a hand in 等；六、对句子成分的分析是 做好题目的关键，如 2011 第 80 题， _ (比较这两把牙刷) and youll find the purple one is softer. (compare)，特别是分隔现 象的使用；七、常见词汇的写法如：（scholarship，toothbrush）及不 规则动词的写法必须掌握
3、。 二、症结诊断 笔者通过对平时学生训练的观察和高考完成句子试题分析，发现考生 失分的主要原因在于以下几个方面：1、句子结构知识掌握不牢，容易受 英汉表达思维差异的影响。如, 写作中通常出现类似这样的句子：There were a lot of students took part in the tree planting activity. We are very glad that our teacher is going to teach us swim. 2、 惯用句型识别不清，如：It cost me. 很多考生审题不能将汉语提 示和英语部分结合考虑, 也没有考虑到 cost 的主语
4、不能是人，其过去时 和过去分词均为 cost, 所以才出现 I cost, I costed 等错误。惯用句型 是完成句子的热点之一，考生学习中要注意分析和掌握常用句型。3、复 合宾语结构混淆，特别是使役动词 have、make, let, leave 等； 此外 还有感官动词 see, watch, notice+ sb / sth + do /doing 的用法和 区别都是高考完成句子的重中之重。4、语态表达差异牵制，题目中有意 识的不提“被”字, 考生要注意判断。有时汉语不提“被”字，不等于 英语不使用被动；相反汉语习惯用被动时，英语却习惯不用被动。5、语 序表达习惯冲突，语序习惯不同是
5、历来高考的焦点之一。考生尤其要注 意英语中与汉语思维相冲突的表达方式。6、语气表达形式影响，英语中 （虚拟）语气形式与汉语不一样，是通过动词的不同形式表示的。如情 态动词表示过去的推测，虚拟条件句的动词形式，表示建议、命令、要 求等的动词后面的动词形式都是有差别的。7、比较对象偷换缺失，有时 汉语省略的东西，英语却不能；而英语省略的东西，汉语往往不省略， 考生需要提防此类错误。 通过对历年高考完成句子试题分析以及对考生失分的主要原因的诊断， 笔者将完成句子中所涉及的重点、难点、热点语法现象归纳如下： 三、考点归纳 I动词的时态和语态 (NMET2011 湖北卷 77 题) 1动词时态语态往往与
6、其它语法融合在一起 The news _(房价将要下跌)has caused many people to sell their houses at lower price.（fall） This is the only one of the regions _(遭受攻击)by the earthquake last year.(attack) 2 Already、just、yet、never、lately、recently、in/during/over+ the last/past+时间、since 、up to now、so far、for+一段时间、in recent years 等表示
7、现在完成时的时间状语；by+过去时间、by the time+过去时间、before+过去时间、by the end of +过去时间等表示过 去完成时的时间状语；by+将来时间表示将来完成时的句子。 We Chinese do take pride in _(我们取得的成就)in the last ten years.(achieve) Mother wanted to be a good provider ,a role _(她一直肩负着)since her marriage to father.(shoulder) By the time the police conclude the
8、investigation, the truth of the murder _(会水落石出)（light） _（有巨大的增长）in the number of tele-workers in recent years and by 2100 it will have risen to 85%.(growth) 3经常考查现在进行时的被动语态 现在进行时表示一种赞扬或评的 感情色彩，现在进行时表示将来时用于一些位移发生改变的词语；经常 考查过去进行时以及被动语态；将来进行时表示在将来的某个时刻正要 发生的动作，如 at this time tomorrow、this time next wee
9、k。 -Has Li Lei finished his work? -I have no idea, but he _(做实验)when I saw him this morning.(conduct) This time tomorrow，we_(在听)a lecture by a visiting professor from aboard.(listen) 4.For+一段时间若表示的在过去发生的动作，和现在没有联系时只能 用过去时。 -You speak good French！ -Thanks. I_(学过法语)in Sichuan University for four years
10、.(study) 5. 时间、条件状语从句中通常用现在时表示将来时；祈使句加 and、or 再加上将来时的句子。 If the building project to be completed by the end of this month _(推迟)，the construction company will be fined.(delay) _(产生问题)if you dont know enough about the mountain you are climbing.(arise) 6.主动形式表示被动意义 系动词 look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、
11、appear、go、prove、turn （颜色、数字、零冠词的名词）+形容词或者名词；表示主语的某种属性 的词: read、write、act、cut、draw、drive、sell、wash、clean、wear/ope n、cook、lock、shut 等。The door wont lock. This coat dries easily. The plan worked out wonderfully. The engine wont start. The pen writes smoothly. A product_(会更畅销)if promoted with a slogan.
12、答案：that house price will fall down; that was attacked; what we have achieved; she has been shouldering; will have come to light; there has been a huge growth; was conducting an experiment; will be listening to ; studied; is delayed; Problems will arise; will sell better. II.非谓语动词(NMET2011 湖北卷 72、73、
13、74 题) 1.过去分词做状语是一般位于句首，而且该动词和句子的主语之间存 在逻辑上的动宾关系；某些过去分词已经被形容词化了，往往用于系表 结构中，既不表示被动也不表示完成只表示一种状态。如：lost 、seated、 absorbed、dressed in、tired of（厌倦）、hidden（躲） 等，不管做什么成分都不用 ing 形式。 _(专心读书)，he didnt notice me enter the room.(absorb) 2.现在分词作状语时，该动词和句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关 系。Doing 表示一般性动作或者正在进行的动作；having done 则表示发 生
14、在谓语动作之前的动作，通常有表示完成的时间状语，Not 必须放在 V-ing 之前。 Dina, _(奔波)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(struggle) When _(比较不同的文化)，we often pay attention to the differences without noticing the many similarities.(compare) _(没有完全康复)from the operation，the pa
15、tient was advised to stay in hospital for other two weeks.(recover) 3Ving 作主语相当于一个名词,有被动 being done 和否定 not doing/not being done 的形式。Ving 作宾语常放在 admit、appreciate、avoid、cant help、delay、escape、imagine、suggest、be devoted to、be accustomed/used to、look forward to、object to、lead to、insist on、make a contri
16、bution to、get down to、cant stand、have difficulty （in）、have a good time （in） 等，若表示被动就用 being done 的形式。动词 need、want、require 表示需要时后面加 Ving 的主动形式表示被动意义，be worth 也是如此。 _(解雇)by one company doesnt necessarily mean that you have no way to support yourself.(lay) _(暴露于)sunlight for too much time will do harm
17、to ones skin.(expose) Can you imagine what difficulty people had this year _(抵抗)several natural disasters？（resist） 4.过去分词作宾补时，句中的宾语和动词之间存在动宾关系；现在分 词做宾补时，动词和宾语之间存在主谓关系；不定式做宾补表示将来。 With many books _(出版)，he became more and more famous.(come) With_(如此多的工作充斥着)my mind，I am stressed out.(fill) Lucy was muc
18、h annoyed to find the computer _(她让人修理了)several times broke down again when she returned to her office and got down to her work.(repair) Keeping the mind _(充满着任务) - no matter how meaningless - staves off （避开）negative emotions, the study found.(occupy) 5当我们确定是非谓语作定语时，必须判断动词和所修饰的名词的 关系（若是动宾关系，过去分词表被动或
19、者完成，being done 表示正在 被做，to be done 表示将要被做）。 Im not sure if I can attend the wedding ceremony _(举行)at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.(hold) There were many talented actors out there just _(等待被发现)（discover） Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one _ (首先要修的)is the library.(repair) Play ,often _(
20、视为一种活动)for younger children，is still important in the social development of teenagers.(see) Im afraid well have to work extra hours，for there are still some problems_ (剩下要解决) （remain） Teleworking means people save time previously _-(花在旅行上班)and allows them to be more flexible in working hours.(spend)
21、 6.have sth done=get sth done 表示让某事由被人去做 have sth done 还可以表示主语遭受了某种情况 have sb/sth doing 表示让某人、某物持续地做某事 get sb/sth doing 表示使某人、物开始行动起来 have sb do =get sb to do 表示让某人去做某事 have sth to do 主语有事需要自己做 have sth to be done 主语有事需要别人来完成 答案：absorbed in a book；having struggled； comparing different cultures； Not
22、having fully recovered； Being laid off； Being exposed to；resisting；coming out； so much work filling；she had had repaired； occupied with tasks； to be held； waiting to be discovered； to be repaired first； seen as an activity； remaining to be settled； spent travelling to work. III.名词性从句主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句 (
23、NMET2011 湖北 卷 76 题) 1.that 和 what 的区别：当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时，往往选 that；而 what 意为“的（东西）”在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 News came from the school office _(他已被录 取)Beijing university.(admit) She is very dear to us .We have been prepared to do _ (不惜一切代价)to save her life.(take) _(他说了)something improper at the meeting surprised a
24、ll of us.(say) 2.if 只能引导宾语从句 whether 和可以引导主语、表语、同位语从句。 The patients son asked the doctor the question _(他的父亲是否会幸免)the big operation.(survive) 3.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 After the Philippines hostage-taking incident ,the Chinese government demanded that the problems referred to _(特别注意)（pay） The order came that th
25、e medical supplies _(送往)Yunnan for the victims there.(send) 4.It doesnt matter to sb +how/whether或者 It makes no difference to sb +how/whether结构中的主语从句不能提到句首。 5.名词性从句的分隔现象 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _ (他不得不)meet his uncle at the airport.(have) 答案：that he had been admitt
26、ed to； whatever it takes; That he said; whether his father would survive; should be paid special attention to ; should be sent to; that he had to . IV.情态动词和虚拟语气(NMET2011 湖北卷 75 题) 1.区别不同的情态动词的意思特别是 will、would“会”、must“一 定”cant、couldnt “不可能”should“竟然、按道理来说应该如 此” Mike _(肯定不在打扫)the classroom now. I saw
27、him playing basketball on the playground a moment ago.（clean） I cant imagine _(竟然短缺)of water in Yunlan ，the southwest of China where there used to be adequate rain.(shortage) This kind of kite made of silk _ (不容易撕破), so dont worry about it.(tear) 2.对过去的动作进行推测用情态动词+have done 的形式; 对过去正 在进行的动作进行推测用情态动词
28、+have been doing 的形式；对现在正 在进行的动作推测用情态动词+be doing 的形式。 3.含 must 的反意疑问句，当 must 表示推测时不能用 must 引导反意 疑问句。对现在的动作进行推测则用表示现在时的助动词来引导；当句 中有 must have done 的形式且后面又有表示过去的时间状语，此时用表 示过去时的助动词来引导；当句中有 must have done 的形式且后面没有 表示过去的时间状语，此时用 have、has 来引导。 You must have watched that football match last night,_？(不是吗)（y
29、ou） He can speak Spanish very fluently .He must have learned the language before,_(不是吗)？（he） 4.名词性从句中含有“坚持、命令、建议、要求”时 insist、order、command、advise、propose 、demand、desire、request、require、urge、recommend 以及这些词的 名词形式，用 should 也可省表示虚拟语气。 Representatives attending Copenhagen Conference recommended that _ (
30、采取严厉措施)to reduce carbon emission.(take) 5.If 引导的从句中含有 should、had、were 可以省略 if 将 should、had、were 提到句首 Its a pity that he failed the exam. If he _(更加注意)his handwriting，he would have done better.(concentrate) If _(不采取有效措施)，we would have lost all our tropical forests by 2100.(take) 6.would rather+从句用虚拟语
31、气 当表示于现在或者将来事实相反时 用过去时 若表示与过去事实相反的则用过去完成时 Do you feel like dining out for a change or would you rather we two _(吃晚饭)at home？（have） 7.含蓄条件句 without, with, but for, otherwise 等。 -Why didnt you tell him the possible danger ？ -But_(我能做什么)otherwise？He never listens to me.(do) Last Fridays charity pop con
32、cert was a great success as a whole .Actually we _ (会满意)with half of the money collected.(satisfied) It was vital to choose exactly the right place to cut or the diamond_(本来可能成为碎片)（break into） 8.主从句时态不一致 The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop ，things _ (就会更好)now！My
33、vegetables wouldnt have died.(be) 答案：cant be cleaning； there should be a shortage；won t tear easily；didnt you； hasnt he； strict measures should be taken； had concentrated more on； no effective measures were taken； had dinner； what could I have done； would have been satisfied； could have broken into
34、pieces; would be better. V.定语从句 1.介词+关系代词的宾语只能是 which 或 whom；复合介词+which 引导 时，往往用逗号隔开，用倒装语序；of +which/whom 表示“其中”前面 还可以加 some、many、most、half、80%、等；the+名词+of +which/whom=whose+名词。 In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to_(她能求助) for help.(turn) Look out! Dont get close to the house ,_(其屋顶正在修理)
35、（repair） His younger brother teaches in a secondary school , in front of _（流淌着一条小河).(flow) A lot of problems came up at the meeting last night,_(我们还未发现) the solution.(find) There are 51 students in class Three,_(没有谁失败)in the exam.(fail) 2.关系词的选择主要根据先行词在从句中所作的成分。当表示时间地 点原因的先行词在从句中不作状语时，关系词不能用 when、wh
36、ere、why，只能用 that、which。特殊的先行词 case、point、situation、circumstances、scene、activity、positio n 关系词用 where；stage、occasion 用 when。 She is the only one of the girls in our class_(通过了)the interview.(pass) My mother was so proud of all _(我所做的) that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.(do) Occasions are qui
37、te rare _(我有时间) to spend a day with my kids.(time) Mr Green stood up in the defense of 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _(该责备)（blame） 3.关系词 as 引导的定语从句常用在句首用逗号隔开；也用在 such+名 词+as和 the same +名词+as的句型中作主语、宾语、表语。 As a teacher ,I never give my students so difficult a problem _(他们不会做的).(do)
38、As_(我谈过的)many times on the subjects，at some point you need a reliable partner to do this job.(talk) Its likely that such a question, if it can be called a question, _ （你提的）, cant be answered by any human beings（raise） 答案：whom she could turn； whose roof/the roof of which is being repaired; which flow
39、s a small river; to which we havent found; none of whom failed; who has passed; I had done; when I have time; who was to blame; as they cant do ; I have talked about ; as you raise. VI.倒装(NMET2011 湖北卷 71 题) 1.表语位于句首其倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语” _(出席会议的)some scientists from China.(present) 2.否定词位于句首 never、not、h
40、ardly、little、seldom、rarely、at no time、in no case、by no means、on no condition 等。 The customers were so angry that they demanded that in no case _(公司推迟)the goods ordered three months ago.(delay) -why cant we smoke here？ -At no time _(允许吸烟)in the meeting room.(permit) Dont be rude to your father .Never
41、 in his life _(对他说话)in that way up to now.(speak) Little _(妈妈禁止我)to do whatever I like except when I play computer games long.(forbid) 3.so、as、neither、nor 用于句首表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一 个人或者事物，句型为：as、so、neither、nor+be/助动词/情态动词 Peter looks sleepy. _(你也会的)if you had a fever.(so) Since my return to China，I havent
42、 seen my host mother in America，nor_（未收到她来信）（hear） 4.sothat和 suchthat句型中，如果 so 或 such 引导 的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。 So difficult _(我发现)to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.(find) 5.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时句子完全倒装。 On the table _(有一只旧信封)，which contains many photos.(lie) 答案：Present at the m
43、eeting were； should company delay； is smoking permitted； has he been spoken to； does mother forbid me；so would you； have I heard from her； did I find it ； lies an old envelope. VII、 形容词、副词等级和倍数 1.as+形容词+a（an）+名词+as 表示同级比较，注意形容词和名词的 位置。 Its generally believed that teaching is _(同样是一门 艺术) as it is a s
44、cience.（much） Believe it or not，swimming is _(像一样好的方式)as any to lose unwanted weight.(way) 2.表示“两者中较的”用 the+比较级 There are two tables in the room ,_(其中较大的一个 作为)the dining table(serve as) 3.“越就越”用 the+比较级the+比较级 The more careful you are，_（你犯 的错误会越少）（make） The more carefully you prepare，_（你花的时间越少）（take） The more ways you have of looking at a problem，_（越有可能）that we can find solutions.(likely) 4.否定式谓语加比较级有最高级的含义 Are you satisfied with what he said at the meeting？ No. It_(不可能再差了). （be） 5.no+比
