1、 四、 完形填空与阅读 （一） 知识概要 完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综 合性题目。 学生应根据语义完整、语法正确的原则进行通篇阅读。借助文章的现成 文字，通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐 空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读“西 游记“，“水浒传“，你也并非每个字都认得，每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了 全文的意思，读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺 字，不认得字、词语的情况下，能否全面理解文章的正确意思，然后选入适当的词语。 在选择后还要前后彼
2、此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证，不要急于顺 序填写，可能在填出后面答案时，而得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句 法、时态和固定搭配等知识对 4 个选项进行分析，比较、排除干扰项，确定正确的答 案。 待答案全部选定后，一定要复读全文以验证： 所选答案是否能使全文流畅， 逻辑推理是否正确。 具体实事是否成立，前后关系是否理顺。 语法是否正确， 其中包括时态的选择、词汇选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将 所选答案填入文章中，反复阅读。而不要在文章空中只写选项的代号，这样影响全文 的理解，不易找出错误之处。在做完形填空时，应注意以下几点： （） 重视首句，首段的开
3、篇启示作用，读懂了第一句，或第一段有可能预测到全 篇大意。 （） 一定要顾及上下文间的语意联系。在完形填空的设计中，一般是以语义为第 一要素同时兼顾语法。有的 4 个选项单独填入这个单句中全是正确的，但拿到文中从 下文联系起来看，则文理不通。为此要通篇考虑，顾及上下文的联系是十分重要的。 （） 要坚持语意第一的原则，而语法应放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一种单项 选择式的考察。但实质上也是一种阅读能力和学生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利 用语法的正确性与内容排斥性的矛盾而命题的。所给答案大都是离开上下文均可说得 通的。但语意上辩析、排斥才能找到答案。例如： It took Charlie Mui
4、 several months to save up seven dollars He wanted to _ a model plane and went to the shop with the money A sell B buy C hold D bring 这里肯定需要一个动词，所给答案也都是动词，但只能从意义上考虑而选 B 项。 （） 要认真注意细节，做到语法正确。一些答案在意义上讲都是正确的，但从线 索上看要找出语法正确的答案。如： r Evans is an old man of about sixty His wife died a few years ago His chi
5、 ldren _ him by then A left B would leave C have left D had left 答案应为 D。这句话正确的语意都是“离开“，但仔细发现有 by then 之说，由此可得 出这是个动作的截止时间，应选为 had left 过去完成时态。 下面再看一些例子。 （） 语意第一原则 A young father was visiting an old neighbour They were standing in the old mans garden and talking about _ A trees B flowers C children D
6、 old people 那么他们谈论的中心是什么呢?可能是树、花，由于他们是在花园里谈论。但如果前后 的段落配合看，则其谈论的也可能是孩子和老年人。这就是要求我们切勿望文生义。 （） 语法正确，注意细节的原则 在语意正确的前题下，还要根据学过的语法知识，及词语的固定搭配，选择正确答案。 如： One night the dog began to bark suddenly It made Mr Erens _ _ to sleep He had to get up and tried his _ _ to stop it， but the beast wouldnt stop， and kep
7、t on _ _ A go not B not go C not to go D to not go A well B good C better D best A bark B to bark C barking D barked 以上 3 个小题中所给答案从语意上都是正确的，这就要求选择语法正确的那一个。 第一空中根据句子结构，要填一个宾语补足语。而动词 make 后面的定语补足语应省 去不定式符号 to， 且其否定式 not，即不定式的否定式为 not to do， 而省去 to 后则应为 not do 在动词前直接 not 故应选 B。 而第二个空显然是一个固 定搭配。语意上为： Mr
8、 Erens 尽力地阻止狗叫，所以应选 D。 try ones best 是 尽力而为之意。 第三个空显然是 keep on doing something 连续不断之意，应选 ing 的动词形式。其答案为 C。 （） 根据所给答案的不同词类，从不同角度分别考虑选择 完形填空所给的词往往是不同类的，这就要求对不同词类作不同考虑。如果所缺的是 动词，那么首先在选择语意正确的前提下，考虑动词的时态、语态和是否是要填入非 谓语动词。若是介词或副词则要考虑是否固定搭配，以及介词、副词在结构和意义上 的选择。若是连词，则应更多地从句子结构和上下文的连接上选择。若是代词，则应 考虑性、数、格等方面，以及形
9、容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。 例如： A man and his wife had a small bar near a station They often worked late into the night， _ _ people came to drink there while they were _ _ trainsAt two oclock one morning， one man was still at a table in the small bar He was asleep The bar mans wife wanted to leave She looked _
10、_ the bar several times， and each time the man was _ _ there Then at last she went to her husband and said to him， “You _ _ that man six times， George ， _ _ he isnt drinking anything“ A as soon as B because C so D though A catching up with B getting on C looking after D waiting for A at B for C into
11、 D out of A always B often C still D already A have woken B wake C had woken D will wake A and B but C yet D too 从文中看，第一选项，由于给了不同的连词，从意义选择应为 B。第二选项均为分词形 式，也应从语意上选择，其答案是 D。 第三选项给了四个介词，而 into 则是从外向 里观看，所以应选 C。第四项是副词 still 意为仍然，从意义上应选择 C。 而第五项 所给的是同个动词，只是时态不同。从故事情景看，只能选完成时态 A。 而最后一个 选项是连词，由于句意则只能用 but
12、转折连词。 从目前完形填空初中阶段的考察看，除语意第一外，更多地选择了单词的用法及意义， 动词的时态，短语和惯用法等。为此，要做好完形填空题目，除有较好的阅读能力外， 更要有扎实的语言基础知识及日常生活的逻辑推理能力。 阅读理解能力在教学大纲 中有明确的要求。它是目前条件下考查学生英语运用能力的常规题型之一，也是分值 最高的题型之一。学生的阅读理解能力如何，标志着学生继续深入学习的潜力有多大， 它是集语法，词汇，逻辑推理背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除对学生的 阅读理解的正确性进行测试外，同时从阅读速度、技巧、文化背景常识等方面对学生 进行测试。 从近年各地中考题分析看，阅读类测试除为
13、一般常规测试题型外，在试 题中所占分值较大，为此应引起学生特别注意。 如何做好阅读理解题呢?首先要求考 生有足够的基础知识和较好的阅读速度以及技巧方面的训练。同时还要注意以下几个 方面的问题。 1 要了解阅读测试的重点 如上所述，阅读过程是一个综合作用的过程，为此阅读的测试就不能仅将着眼点放在 语言结构的测试上，而是通过看，通过阅读获取信息的能力。 在阅读一篇文章时， 我们首先会想到： 文章说的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。 事情发生的时 间、地点、人物是什么。 作者所持态度如何。 结论是什么。 有些说明性信 息在文章中容易获取，如：时间、数字、地点、人物等。有些信息如作者的态度，事 件的结
14、论，中心思想，文章的标题，则需通过文中线索，说明信息等等去分析推断才 能获取。而这些说明性及内隐性的信息正是阅读理解的测试重点内容。而其难点在于 理解、推断、得出结论时，应从英语国家的风俗习惯、语言习惯、宗教信仰、民族问 题等方面来考虑，而不是仅从中国人的语言习惯来作推论。这也是这方面的难点之一。 例： John drove a taxi through the busy streets of Boston every dayJohn was _ A a manager B a driver C a policeman D a dustman 由此我们应能由 drive a taxi 来得出结
15、论约翰是位出租车司机而不是别的什么人。 例：Mrs Barkers sister was ill She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday， but not at the weekend， so every Friday evening Mrs Baker used to go off to spend the weekend at her home in a neighboring townThis meant that Mr Baker First he had to drive home from the statio
16、n Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her trainWho was ill? _ A MrBaker B Mrs Baker C Mr Bakers sister D Mrs Bakers sister 从这些只言片语中可以看出有三个人物出场，而问题的设计是表浅的，只要细心即可。 答案 D. 从中考阅读命题中，由于考虑到考生的能力有限，和大部分学生毕业的要求，语言结 构的测试占很大一部分比重。但对于要考入重点中学的学生来讲，仅仅几分较高要求 的题目可能会决定他们的升学命运。因为这一部分分值是往往使学生棘手的那些隐性
17、问题的测试。如： Like many other families in 1870， Katie Olson and her family had come to the grassy plains of Kansas Katie liked the prairie and their new sold house But with no friends to play with， she was very lonely Besides her mother and father， she had only her little brother， Matt， for company She m
18、issed their old home in Wisconsir Then one day her father had exciting news Some settlers had bought the farm near the Olsons land Katie became so excited on hearing the news that she thought she might burst She begged her father to let her ride over with him to greet their new neighborsThe two rode
19、 across the prairie They found Mr and Mrs Laski were hard at working building their sod home Katie was disappointed She had hoped there would be some children to play with But soon Mr Laski called out“ Anna， and Carl, come out of the wagon“ A boy and a girl jumped down and came over to Katie Katie d
20、idnt believe it Her wish had come true 1 Who was the most important person in the story? A Matt B Katie C Mr Laski D Anna and Carl 2 What was Katies problem in the story? A She had no friend. B She didnt like Kansas. C She couldnt ride a horse. D She didnt like Anna and Carl. 从上文中看，信息的获得不是直接的，而是必须通过
21、整个文章的阅读，理清人物关系， 掌握中心思想，才能作出正确的判定。如第一问故事中人物众多，但一直到读完才知， 故事讲述了一个女孩 Katie 的事情。则她是故事的中心，所以应选择 B 第二问是测 试通过阅读是否了解了人物的心理情绪。这些信息必须通过线索，综合判定，从而其 结论是 A。 2 阅读理解的解题思路和方法 阅读理解的测试点是在通过由于阅读所能够获取信息的能力上，所以解题思路的重点 应放在： (1) 通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意；了解作者的写作目的、对事件的态度上。 People sometimes change their way of doing business In a vil
22、lage in Africa， people are using money for the first time Theyre doing business with the world Before this tribe (部落) used money， people came to the market in the village to trade (交易) things they had for things they needed Now people must use money to buy what they wantBefore using money， people he
23、lped one another Their father who was head of the family， gave food， and clothing to his sons and their families In return， the sons worked for their father Now people no longer work for one another free Instead， they are paid for the work they doWhen a new road was needed. Everyone in the village h
24、elped build it, Now people must pay money to the village chief (首领) for roads and schools The chief hires workers to build these new projects More and better roads and schools are being builtIt is not easy for people to change a way of doing business To change from trading goods to using money takes
25、 time The story doesnt say so， but it makes you think that _. A family members often quarrel (争吵) about money B Africans do not change their way of doing business C Africans refuse to use money D families do not help one another in the same way now 答案 D. On the whole this story is about _ A the life
26、 of some Africans B changing from goods to using money C people helps one another D building roads across Africa 答案 B. 从以上的问题看，所设提问均不是对某个具体事实。而是真对整篇文章，由此可见通 读全文，掌握中心和作者的态度的重要性。 (2) 要注重文句间的相互关系。既注重主要情节又不可忽视细节。中考中阅读命题很 多情况下是对事件的某个细节而进行测试的。 例： on Saturday afternoon they began with the back of the house
27、 The next Saturday Tom went to a football match while his wife painted the front of the house The next day they found they couldnt open any of the front windows They get them open at last， but they broke three of the seven and they were very expensive to repair They lasted for about _ days A two B t
28、hree C more than seven D Less than seven 答案 A. They had to get someone to make repair for _ windows A seven B four C ten D three 答案 D. 第一问中，如不分析第一句和第二句中的两个 Saturday， 很可能会选择答案 C。事实 上，他们只干了两个 Saturday， 而不是从这个星期六到下个星期六的 7 天时间。而 第二问是他们弄坏了所有 7 个窗户中的 3 个，所以应选 D。 (3) 特别注意首尾句在整个文章中的作用，以及它起到的启示和结论性作用。 例： Man
29、 has a big brain He can think， learn and speakbut no animal learns when we speak? Scientists do not really know They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain 这篇文章只要我们注意了首尾句，即可得出结论，它是讲述人类大脑与语言的关系的。 人脑的其中一个作用是使他拥有语言，也就是和动物 apes， dogs 有了根本的区别。 这样这篇文章的许多细节可以迎刃而解了。 In what way are men diff
30、erent from animals? A Men can understand things quickly. B Men can learn. C Men have learned language. D Men have brains. 答案 C. Scientists now know _ A how children learn to speak B why apes can learn a few words C mens brain helps him to learn to speak D what happens when men speak 答案 C. What is th
31、e topic the writer wants to talk about? A apes language B mens brain and language C human brain D animals learning 答案 B. 以上只是做阅读练习中的一般分析，要取得优异成绩，还有赖于扎实的阅读基础和语 言能力，以及平时的技巧训练和刻苦练习。要坚持每天至少读三四篇文章，以逐步提 高自己的英语水平。 (二) 例题解析 通读下面短文，掌握其大意。然后从短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。 Once there was a clever farmer Though he was p
32、oor， he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鹅) as a present He had not had _ 1 _to cat that day， and soon the _ 2 _ of the roast goose became too much for him as (当时) he _ 3 _ it to the king， so he ate one of its legsWhen he came before the king and gave him the goose， the king _ 4 _ sa
33、w that it had only one legNow ， the king _ 5 _ was born with one bad leg， so he had never been able to _ 6 _ properly (正常地) When he saw the goose with only one leg， he thought the farmer had _ 7 _ this to laugh at him Of course he was very _ 8 _ The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the kin
34、g， he would be _ 9_ at once“Where is _ 10 _ leg of the goose?“ the king asked“ All the geese (goose 的复数) in this _ 11 _ of the country have one leg only， “ the farmer answered“Do you think Im a fool(傻子)?“ the king shouted“_ 12 _ ，“ said the farmer， “if you look out of the window， you will see geese
35、with one leg by the _ 13_ “The king looked， and there the geese were _ 14 _ on one leg beside the water The king at once told one of his men to _ 15 _ them with a big stick， and of course， they _ 16 _ their other legs and ran away“There ， “ said the king “ You were lying(说谎) That _ 17 _ that the gee
36、se here have two legs， like all other _ 18 _ in the country“But it doesnt show anything，“ answered the farmer， “if your men threw a big stick like that at me， I would grow two _19 _ legs myself to help me to run away _ 20 _ “ 1 A less B all C little D much 2 A head B neck C smell D temperature 3 A r
37、eturned B carried C sent D handed 4 A at once B at last C by then D on time 5 A once B really C himself D yet 6 A come B walk C see D eat 7 A kept B done C made D found 8 A sorry B worried C sad D angry 9 A helped B killed C saved D covered 10 A other B another C that D the other 11 A city B village
38、 C farm D part 12 A Certainly not B Of course C Thats nothing D Never mind 13 A hole B forest C lake D house 14 A swimming B resting C flying D lying 15 A fill B lock C hit D keep 16 A sent up B put down C did with D moved away 17 A shows B talks C sees D knows 18 A geese B animals C legs D farmers
39、19 A slower B faster C less D more 20 A more slowly B more carefully C faster D earlier 答案 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 D 11 D 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 C 16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C 其中 1 选 much 是应能从文章字里行间中猜到的，它应为 much food to eat 而将 food 省略。2 要知道 smell 可以作系动词，但也可以作名词，而 4 则为多个短语的词 语辨析：at once 立刻， at
40、last 最终， by then 到那时为止，on time 准时。所 以应为 at once 7 则要熟悉英语的习惯用法，即干这件事要用 do，而不用 make 10 之所以要用 D 则是因为鹅有两只腿，由于只剩一只而问另一只哪里去了，要用特指 的定冠词。而 other 则为泛指的形容词，一般指复数， another 虽然也指单数，但也 应用于泛指的情况。而 11 题因其后有 of the country， 是在乡村的这个部分，所以 只能用 part country 是不可数名词作“乡村“讲，作为可数名词则作“国家“讲。而 作“乡村“讲时，前面的定冠词不可少。19 则是要通读全文才知道鹅一只
41、腿站立体息， 而一被哄赶则放下另一只腿跑走了，人是两条腿站着，当被哄赶时那应是再长出两条 腿奔跑着逃走。由此可见中考的难题越来越不在语法项，而在阅读和完形上用以选拔 高质量的学生。 We were going to play a team from a country school They didnt come until the game time arrived They looked _ 1 _ than we had thought They were wearing dirty blue jeans (仔裤) and looked like farm boys We even th
42、ought that they had never seen a basketball beforeWe all sat down We felt that we didnt _ 2 _ any practice (训练) against a team like thatIt was already so late that no _ 3 _ could be given to them for a warmupThe game beganOne of our boys _ 4 _ the ball and he shot (掷) a long pass to our forward (前锋)
43、 From out of nowhere a boy in a dirty Tshirt _ 5_ the pass and with a beautiful form (姿势) he shot and got two points (分) They _ 6 _ usThen they got another _ 7_ of points in a minuteSoon it was all over The country team _ 8_ usWe certainly learned that even though a team is good， there is usually an
44、other _ 9 _ a little better But the important lesson learned was: One cant tell a man， or a team， by the _10 _ 1 A stronger B younger C worse D less 2 A get B try C use D need 3 A basket B space C ball D time 4 A got B played C missed D carried 5 A caught B changed C started D stopped 6 A surprised
45、B kept C broke D hit 7 A half B pair C group D double 8 A won B saved C beat D joined 9 A just B already C about D almost 10 A Tshirts B clothes C places D points 答案 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 A 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 B 析 在 1 题中可以看出 stronger， younger worse， less 四个选项全可以选，语 法是正确的。从文章开始到这里并看不出其原因为什么要选择 C，这时只能将其选择空 出往后面看，所以提醒考生要注意的是千万不要一一对完形填空作出选择，有很多情 况 是后面的情景决定了前面的选择。当看到 We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before 和 We felt that we didnt need (2) any practice against a team like that 则就肯定会得到第一个空的选项决不是比我们强壮， 也不可能是少，更不可能是年轻、而是球技不佳，比我们差得很远。 而 5 题是要仔 细考虑才能得到正确的结论。这四
