1、句子成分及基本结构一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的形容词（如the rich）不
2、定式 动名词 主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The
3、rich should help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true.正确运用主语的各种形式2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语
4、）We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）（2）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for
5、you all the time.I would stay at home all day.正确运用主语的各种形式3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 分词不定式 动名词 介词短语副词表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）画出句子的表语，并说明其构
6、成方式：Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one.His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football. The machine must be under repair. The truth is that he has never been abroad.正确运用主语的各种形式4.宾语：宾语由名词性的
7、词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的分词 不定式 动名词 宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：They planted many trees yesterday. - How many dictionaries do you have? -I have five. They helped the old with their housework
8、yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.正确运用主语的各种形式5. 补语：（1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介
9、词短语和从句充当。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 形容词 可作表语的副词 不定式 分词 介词短语 从句等表示。例如：Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in t
10、he lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.正确运用主语的各种形式（2）主语补足语：对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。例如：He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限
11、定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：形容词 名词 代词 数词 副词不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语 从句。例如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词作定语）在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。例如：形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。例如：The next man is a scientist.（下一个）The man next to me is a sci
12、entist.（我旁边的那个人）副词用作定语一般要后置。例如： People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置。例如：The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over th
13、ere is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明其构成方式The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no m
14、ore than one dollar.Its a city far from the coast.He has money enough to buy a car.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.He picked up
15、a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.Life here is really comfortable.Our monitor is always the first to enter the clas
16、sroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.正确运用主语的各种形式7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。例如：He writes carefully. He walks slowly. （认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语）This mate
17、rial is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）*一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slow
18、ly outside the park at that moment.*频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置：位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.*语按意义分类：在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结
19、果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。How about meeting again at six? Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must
20、work harder. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. The boy needs a pen very much. The boy really needs a pen. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old. I am taller than he is. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. On Sundays
21、, there is no student in the classroom. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 正确运用主语的各种形式8.同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。例如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. (students是us的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,
22、 works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs正确运用主语的各种形式9. 独立成分：二、简单句的五种基本结构1.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五
23、种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。2.英语五种基本句型结构如下：主语 + 谓语3.用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）定语（attribute）状语 (adverbial)补语（complement）表语（predicative）基本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。*尝试划分下列句子的成分：It is raining now. Weve worked for 5 hours.The
24、meeting lasted half an hour. Time flies. 基本句型二： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。*用下划线划分下列句子的成分。People all over the world speak English. Jim cannot dress himself. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. He just wanted to stay at home.He practices speaking English every
25、 day.基本句型三： （主谓间宾 直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。例如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词（tofor）+间接宾语。例如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词时，只能用：动词 + 代词直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。例如：Bring it to me, please
26、. (不能说 Bring me it, please.)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的记住常用
27、的三个就行：get, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book.= She bought a book for John.*分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her
28、 nothing. I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型四： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。例如：The war made him a soldier.（“他成为一个士兵”，构成逻辑上的
29、主谓关系）*分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。They appointed him manager. They painted the door green. He pushed the door open. They found the house deserted. What makes him think so? We saw him out. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. We all think it a pity that she didnt come
30、here.Ill have my bike repaired. We elected him monitor. Dont keep the lights burning. 基本句型五： （主系表）系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何辨别系动词？有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。例如：She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at
31、 the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。)*辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。The door stays open at night.He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.The book still lies open on the desk.What he said proved true.He cant prove his theory.常见的系动词（1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保
32、持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。（3）表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：Something
33、seems wrong. 好像出差错了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 （4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 （5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after
34、that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red. 他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。（6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言
35、证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。*用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。His advice proved right. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. The machine went wrong. All these efforts seem in vain. These words sound reasonable. The room soon became crowded. The days are getting longer and longer. He fell ill yesterday. Trees turn green in spring. What you said sounds great.正确运用主语的各种形式15
